The Tonkin weakfish, <i>Cynoscion similis</i> (Sciaenidae, Perciformes), an endemic species of the Amazonas-Orinoco Plume

CAIRES, Rodrigo Antunes; SANTOS, Wagner. C. R. dos; MACHADO, Leonardo; OLIVEIRA, Claudio; CERQUEIRA, Najila N. C. D.; ROTUNDO, Matheus Marcos; OLIVEIRA, Cintia; MARCENIUK, Alexandre P.

doi:10.1590/1809-4392201803481

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Biodiversity and Conservation • Acta Amaz. 49 (3) • Jul-Sep 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201803481 copy

The Tonkin weakfish, Cynoscion similis (Sciaenidae, Perciformes), an endemic species of the Amazonas-Orinoco Plume

Pescada negra, Cynoscion similis (Sciaenidae Perciformes), uma espécie endêmica da pluma Amazonas-Orinoco

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Despite its importance in biogeographical, ecological, and commercial terms, the fish fauna of the northern Brazilian coast is still poorly known, representing the least sampled portion of the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone. We collected Tonkin weakfish, Cynoscion similis specimens during extensive surveys of the northern Brazilian coast and concluded that C. similis is common in this region. While the species had not previously been reported for the northern Brazilian state of Pará, it may have been recorded in studies of industrial fisheries, being identified only as Cynoscion sp. or by the common name pescada negra. This reinforces the need for the reliable taxonomical identification of species, to guarantee the collection of accurate data on ecology and fisheries, and ultimately, support the development of effective conservation strategies. Here we provide additional morphological and molecular data to distinguish Cynoscion similis from the closely related Cynoscion jamaicensis, and other congeners.

KEYWORDS:
Brazilian north coast; Cynoscion jamaicensis; industrial fisheries; DNA barcoding; reliable taxonomical identification

Species identification		Locality	GenBank Accession Number
Present study	GenBank
Cynoscion acoupa	Cynoscion acoupa	São Paulo, Brazil	JQ365312
		Buenos Aires, Argentina	KP722713
		Pará, Brazil	KP331710
	Cynoscion nebulosus	Florida, United States	JN021296
Cynoscion arenarius	Cynoscion arenarius	Florida, United States	JQ841862
		Alabama, United States	KF461162
		Alabama, United States	KF461163
		Alabama, United States	KF461164
		Alabama, United States	KF461165
	Cynoscion	Florida, United States	JQ841861
Cynoscion guatucupa	Cynoscion guatucupa	São Paulo, Brazil	GU702425
		São Paulo, Brazil	GU702426
		São Paulo, Brazil	GU702427
		São Paulo, Brazil	GU702428
		São Paulo, Brazil	GU702485
		São Paulo, Brazil	GU702486
		São Paulo, Brazil	GU702487
		São Paulo, Brazil	GU702488
		São Paulo, Brazil	GU702490
		São Paulo, Brazil	JQ365313
		São Paulo, Brazil	JQ365314
		São Paulo, Brazil	JQ365315
		São Paulo, Brazil	JQ365316
		Buenos Aires, Argentina	KP722714
		Buenos Aires, Argentina	EU074395
		Buenos Aires, Argentina	EU074396
		Buenos Aires, Argentina	EU074397
		Buenos Aires, Argentina	EU074398
		Buenos Aires, Argentina	EU074399
	Cynoscion steindachneri	not described	KP331709
Cynoscion jamaicensis	Cynoscion jamaicensis	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	JX124767
		Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	JX124768
		São Paulo, Brazil	JQ365317
		São Paulo, Brazil	JQ365318
		Pará, Brazil	MH575181*
		Pará, Brazil	MH575182*
		Pará, Brazil	KP331711
		Alagoas, Brazil	KY402377 1
		Alagoas, Brazil	KY402378 1
		Alagoas, Brazil	KY402379
		Alagoas, Brazil	KY402380
Cynoscion leiarchus	Cynoscion leiarchus	Bahia, Brazil	BAHIA440 15
		Bahia, Brazil	BAHIA441 15
		São Paulo, Brazil	JQ365319
		Belize, Guatemala	KF929804
Cynoscion microlepidotus	Cynoscion microlepidotus	Pará, Brazil	KP331702
		Pará, Brazil	KP331713
		São Paulo, Brazil	JQ365320
	Cynoscion sp.	Brazil	HQ689365
Cynoscion nebulosus	Cynoscion nebulosus	Alabama, United States	KF461166
		Alabama, United States	KF461167
		Florida, United States	JN021296
Cynoscion nothus	Cynoscion nothus	Florida, United States	JQ841863
		Florida, United States	JQ841864
Cynoscion regalis	Cynoscion regalis	Virginia, United States	KT075323
		Florida, United States	KP722717
		United States	KT075305
		United States	KF929807
Cynoscion similis	Cynoscion similis	Pará, Brazil	MH575183*
		Pará, Brazil	MH575184*
		Pará, Brazil	MH575185*
		Pará, Brazil	MH575186*
		Pará, Brazil	MH575187*
	Cynoscion jamaicensis	Pará, Brazil	KP331706
Cynoscion virescens	Cynoscion virescens	Pará, Brazil	KP331712 1
		São Paulo, Brazil	JQ365321
		São Paulo, Brazil	JQ36532
		São Paulo, Brazil	HM424137
		Alagoas, Brazil	KY402371
		Alagoas, Brazil	KY402372
		Alagoas, Brazil	KY402373
		Alagoas, Brazil	KY402374
		Brazil	HQ689366
		Brazil	HQ689367
		Brazil	HQ689368
		Brazil	HQ689369
		Brazil	HQ689370
		Brazil	HQ689371
		Brazil	HQ689372
		Brazil	HQ689373

Morphometric character	Cynoscion similis					Cynoscion jamaicensis
Morphometric character	A	B	N	Mean	Range	N	Mean	Range
Standard length	284	346 - 482	22		213 - 309	29		142 - 285
Head length	32.4	29.5 - 32.6	21	31.9	30.1 - 34.0	29	31.7	27.2 - 35.5
Head depth			22	24.7	23.0 - 26.2	29	24.4	22.9 - 27.6
Pos-orbital length	19.0	18.2 - 19.8	22	18.7	17.8 - 19.7	29	16.9	15.5 - 18.9
Orbital diameter			22	7.0	6.4 - 7.5	29	8.6	7.7 - 9.3
Interorbital distance	6.4	5.8 - 6.3	22	6.5	5.6 - 7.5	29	7.2	6.6 - 8.2
Snout length	8.3	7.5 - 8.4	21	8.1	7.6 - 8.5	29	8.6	7.8 - 9.1
Mouth width			22	10.7	9.2 - 12.3	28	8.3	7.0 - 9.2
Maxillary length	6.7	4.2 - 4.9	21	4.5	3.7 - 5.0	29	4.8	4.2 - 5.5
Maxillary height	14.4	13.0 - 13.8	22	14.3	13.6 - 14.7	28	14.6	14.0 - 15.5
Body depth	24.1	23.4 - 26.7	22	26.3	24.9 - 27.5	28	24.3	22.9 - 26.0
Body width			22	16.0	13.6 - 17.5	29	14.9	12.0 - 17.4
Distance from snout to dorsal fin	34.8	32.9 - 35.1	22	34.6	33.9 - 35.9	27	36.1	34.8 - 37.8
Dorsal-fin length	15.5	13.0 - 14.9	22	13.3	12.2 - 15.0	29	14.8	11.8 - 17.5
Dorsal-fin base length	53.7	51.2 - 55.3	22	54.0	51.6 - 57.1	27	52.1	48.9 - 54.3
Distance from snout to pectoral fin			21	29.9	29.1 - 31.2	29	30.8	25.9 - 31.7
Pectoral fin length	20.1	18.8 - 20.8	22	17.9	15.8 - 19.6	17	16.5	11.4 - 20.6
Distance from snout to pelvic fin	33.3	32.0 - 34.5	22	30.7	29.2 - 32.2	29	32.1	30.0 - 34.3
Pelvic fin length	16.5	15.3 - 17.6	22	14.4	13.0 - 16.2	29	15.2	11.0 - 19.4
Distance from snout to anal fin	75.8	71.3 - 76.7	16	74.2	71.6 - 76.7	26	76.4	73.7 - 79.6
Anal-fin length	12.5	11.2 - 12.0	21	11.0	9.5 - 12.8	28	11.2	8.9 - 13.8
Anal-fin base length	8.9	7.9 - 10.2	22	8.8	7.7 - 10.2	29	9.0	8.1 - 11.4
Caudal-peduncle height	8.8	7.4 - 8.1	22	8.4	7.8 - 8.9	28	9.8	8.9 - 10.5
Caudal-peduncle length	18.0	17.6 - 19.5	22	18.1	16.5 - 20.5	29	16.6	14.2 - 19.5

		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
1	C. acoupa	0.003±0.002
2	C. arenarius	0.087±0.011	0.002±0.001
3	C. guatucupa	0.147±0.015	0.147±0.013	0.008±0.002
4	C. jamaicensis	0.091±0.012	0.095±0.012	0.155±0.015	0.001±0.000
5	C. leiarchus	0.147±0.014	0.159±0.015	0.158±0.015	0.128±0.014	0.003±0.001
6	C. microlepidotus	0.157±0.015	0.163±0.016	0.169±0.016	0.126±0.014	0.145±0.015	0.000±0.000
7	C. nebulosus	0.109±0.013	0.103±0.013	0.150±0.015	0.105±0.013	0.147±0.015	0.160±0.017	0.003±0.002
8	C. nothus	0.092±0.012	0.091±0.011	0.155±0.014	0.094±0.012	0.139±0.014	0.152±0.016	0.097±0.012	0.003±0.002
9	C. regalis	0.098±0.012	0.060±0.010	0.149±0.014	0.107±0.013	0.154±0.015	0.170±0.015	0.108±0.013	0.096±0.011	0.000±0.000
10	C. similis	0.104±0.012	0.104±0.012	0.156±0.015	0.081±0.011	0.154±0.015	0.147±0.015	0.112±0.013	0.094±0.012	0.099±0.012	0.001±0.001
11	C. virescens	0.133±0.016	0.139±0.016	0.157±0.017	0.120±0.015	0.146±0.016	0.160±0.018	0.148±0.017	0.138±0.016	0.134±0.016	0.111±0.015	0.005±0.002

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E-mail: acta@inpa.gov.br

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[1] * Corresponding author: a_marceniuk@hotmail.com