I. Cognition Abilities
|
Ku et al. (2003)34
|
Korea |
A |
EF |
ES |
EF: (WCST) Intelligence: (SPM) |
13 patients [30(2.5)] 13 healthy controls
[27.8(3.4)] |
Virtual Environment based on WCST – designed
for research |
I |
Parameters in VR correlate to WCST and SPM.
This allows verifying how distracters influence cognitive
skills. It also allows identifying perseverance behaviours
that are specific to the pathology |
Ku et al. (2004)35
|
Korea |
A |
EF |
ES |
EF: (WCST) Intelligence: (SPM) |
15 patients [n.i.] 18 healthy controls
[n.i] |
Virtual Environment based on WCST – designed
for research |
I |
Parameters in VR correlate to WCST and SPM.
This allows verifying how distracters influence cognitive
skills. It also allows identifying perseverance behaviours
that are specific to the pathology |
Costa and Carvalho (2004)14
|
Brazil |
A |
Cognitive Training Program |
PS |
Direct observation Questionnaire |
4 patients [45.2(8.6)] No CG |
Ambiente Virtual Integrado para Reabilitação
Cognitiva (AVIRC) |
I |
The technology is safe and efficient for
cognitive training. The immersive mode promotes greater
attention and motivation by users |
St. Germain and Kurtz (2004)36
|
USA |
A |
Attention Work Memory Visual Perception |
ES |
Number of erros |
11 individuals [34.9(11.2)] 15 healthy
controls [24,1(5,4)] |
Virtual Driving Simulator |
NI |
The technology allows analysing the task of
driving safely, in order to identify the driver’s
difficulties |
Sorkin et al. (2005)27
|
Israel |
A |
Work Memory |
ES |
Symptoms: (PANSS) 26 parameters for subjects
performance divided in 3 groups: work-memory and
integration, navigation, strategy |
39 patients [n.i.] 21 healthy controls
matched by age |
Virtual Maze – designed for research |
I |
VR allows collecting multiple metrics on
complex behaviours, including multi-modal interactions
(working memory), widening the spectrum of the cognitive
evaluation. It improves the participant’s motivation and
attention |
Sorkin et al. (2006)37
|
Israel |
A |
EF |
ES |
Symptoms: (PANSS) 26 parameters for subjects
performance divided in 3 groups: work-memory &
integration, navigation & strategy |
39 patients [32.3(7.9)] 21 healthy controls
matched by age |
Virtual Environment based on WCST – designed
for research |
I |
VR allows collecting multiple metrics on
complex behaviours, including multi-modal interactions
(working memory), widening the spectrum of the cognitive
evaluation. It improves the participant’s motivation and
attention |
Baker et al. (2006)22
|
USA |
A |
Medication Compliance Behavior |
ES |
Attention: (CPT ) Cognition: (SCT) Memory
(HVLT-R ) Symptoms: (PANSS) Number of errors Time
discrepancy Number of clock/reminder checks |
25 participants [n.i.] No CG |
Virtual Apartment – designed for
research |
NI |
It enables ecological assessment. It
demonstrates predictive power over adherence to medication.
It has major potential in the field of evaluation of
cognitive skills |
Kurtz et al. (2007)38
|
USA |
A |
Medication Management Skills |
PS |
Attention: (CPT) Cognition: (SCT) Memory:
Test (HVLT) Medication Management Ability Assessment (MMAA)
Symptoms: (PANSS) Number of errors (quantitative and
qualitative) Time discrepancy Total distance travelled |
25 patients [42.1(10.5)] 18 healthy controls
[39.1(11)] |
Virtual Reality Apartment Medication
Management Ability Assessment (VRAMMA) |
NI |
The technology is well tolerated and
efficient for the evaluation of cognitive skills. It allows
simulating a multi-modal environment, in order to recruit a
range of neurocognitive a sensory-motor skills |
Weniger and Irle (2008)39
|
Germany |
A |
Spatial Memory |
ES |
Intelligence: (WAIS-R) Memory: (WMS-R)
Outcomes: (CGI), (GAF) Symptoms: (SANS), (SAPS) Number of
errors Questionnaire about navigation strategies |
25 inpatients [30(10)] 25 healthy controls
[32(10)] |
Park and Virtual Maze – design for
research |
NI |
It is an adequate, practical and
cost-efficient technology for evaluating spatial capacity.
It does not cause side effects |
Josman et al. (2009)40
|
Israel |
A |
EF |
ES |
EF: (BADS) Symptoms: (PANSS) |
30 individuals [46.7(10.5)] 30 healthy
controls [47.7(12.4)] |
Virtual Action Plan-Supermarket (VAP-S) |
NI |
It is an ecologically valid technology for EF
evaluation tools. It enables the inclusion of independence
and participation measurements, according to WHO
recommendations |
Chan et al. (2009)23
|
China |
T |
Attention Memory Orientation |
ES |
Cognition: (Cognistat) Side effects: (SSQ)
Volition: (VQ) |
12 individuals [66.4(6.2)] 15 individuals
schizophrenia disorder [65.8(5.5)] |
VR Program adapted from IREX® - Interactive
Rehabilitation Exercise System |
NI |
It is efficient in cognitive functioning and
volition training. It does not cause side effects |
Han et al. (2012)41
|
Korea |
A |
EF – Cognitive flexibility |
ES |
Intelligence: (K-WAIS) Sense of Presence:
(ITQ), (PQ), (VRQ) Social Problem Solving: (SPSI) Symptoms:
(PANSS) |
30 patients [30(4.9)] 30 healthy controls
[29.5(4.9)] |
Virtual Environment designed for
research |
NI |
It allows for safe evaluation, through
stimuli, in environments similar to reality, with the
advantage of not being limited time or space |
Spieker et al. (2012)10
|
USA |
A |
Spatial Learning Spatial Memory |
ES |
Cognition: (RBANS) Symptoms: (BPRS),
(SANS) |
33 outpatients [40 (11.9)] 39 healthy
controls [40.5(11.4)] |
Radial Arm Maze (RAM) adapted for a virtual
environment |
NI |
The VR paradigm can provide information on
the effects of cognitive training on the improvement of the
pre-frontal cortex and hippocampus functions |
Tsang and Man (2013)26
|
China |
T |
Attention Memory EF |
RCT |
Attention: (DVT) Cognition: (BNCE), (VCRS)
EF: (WCST) Memory: (RBMT) Self-designed checklist - sales
performance Self-efficacy performance scale |
25 inpatients [39.6(7.9)] 50 inpatients TAG
(n=25) [40.7(9.1)]; CG (n=25) [41.56(9.9)] |
Virtual Reality-Based Vocational Training
System (VRVTS) |
NI |
It enables the restoration of cognitive
skills and enhances vocational training. The technology
requires constant technical support and side effect
monitoring |
Zawadzki et al. (2013)42
|
Canada |
A |
Spatial Learning Spatial Memory |
ES |
Cognition: (RBANS) Intelligence: (K-WAIS)
Quality of life: (QLS) Symptoms: (SAPS) |
33 outpatients [40 (10.9)] 39 healthy
controls [43 (11.3)] |
Virtual Environment designed for
research |
NI |
The results obtained at VR environment are
correlated with classical assessments (e.g.
Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of
Neuropsychological Status). The using of naturalistic
virtual environment is supported as a measure of cognitive
functioning |
II. Social Abilities
|
Kim et al. (2005)43
|
Korea |
A |
Social Perception |
ES |
Intelligence: (K-WAIS) Sense of Presence:
(ITQ), (PQ), (VRQ) Symptoms: (PANSS) Verbal/non-verbal
social cue Happy/sad/angry situation Emotional recognition
Interpretation of relevant cue |
17 inpatients [30.4(5.3)] 17 healthy controls
[30.05(6)] |
Virtual Reality Behavior & Facial Data
Base (VRBFDB) |
NI |
The application of the evaluation in virtual
mode is faster and easier, and it also allows to quickly
change facial parameters, thereby creating variability in
the interactions proposed |
Jang (2005)44
|
Korea |
A |
Social Interaction Social Anxiety |
ES |
Anxiety: (SAQ) |
15 inpatients [28.6(7)] 15 healthy controls
[25.1(1.5)] |
Virtual environment designed for
research |
I |
VR technology (ecological model) is a safe
option for experimenting emotions in induced social
situations and can be used for coping training in a safe
environment |
Ku et al. (2005)45
|
Korea |
A |
Social Interaction |
ES |
Symptoms: (PANSS) Interpersonal distance
Verbal response time |
11 inpatients [29.5(8.9)] No CG |
Virtual environment designed for
research |
NI |
The technology allows social interaction
responses that are similar to those of a real context |
Ku et al. (2006)46
|
Korea |
A |
Social Interaction |
PS |
Symptoms: (PANSS) Interpersonal distance
Verbal response time |
11 inpatients [29.5(8.9)] No CG |
Virtual environment designed for
research |
NI |
The technology allows social interaction
responses that are similar to those of a real context |
Kim et al. (2007)47
|
Korea |
A |
Social Perception |
ES |
Intelligence: (K-WAIS) Sense of Presence:
(ITQ), (PQ), (VRQ) Symptoms: (PANSS) Verbal/non-verbal
social cue Happy/sad/angry situation Emotional recognition
Interpretation of relevant cue |
30 inpatients [29.6(4.9)] 30 healthy controls
[29.5(5.3)] |
Virtual environment designed for
research |
NI |
It is a potential tool for evaluating social
perception, problem solving ability and assertiveness
skills, as well as for training social skills |
Ku et al. (2007)28
|
Korea |
T |
Conversational Skills |
ES |
Symptoms: (PANSS) Verbal response time
Questionnaire about general options, usability and
presence |
10 patients [28.8(9)] No CG |
Virtual environment designed for
research |
I |
It is an efficient technique for conversation
training. It provides objective clinical metrics. Its
application can be limited by pathology-specific conditions
(negative symptoms) |
Park et al. (2009)11
|
Korea |
A |
Emotional Perception Emotional Response |
ES |
Anxiety: (STAI-Y) Intelligence: (RPM)
Symptoms: (PANAS), (PANSS), (PSAS), (SAS) |
27 individuals [28.5(5.7)] 27 healthy
controls [26.5(4.4)] |
Virtual environment designed for
research |
I |
It is an efficient technique for evaluating
social cognition. The experience causes joy, interest and
emotional confrontation |
Park et al. (2009)48
|
Korea |
A |
Social Interaction – Spatial Behavior |
ES |
Symptoms: (PANSS) Distance from a virtual
person Orientation head angle |
30 individuals [28.7(5.5)] 30 healthy
controls [26.3(4.3)] |
Virtual environment designed for
research |
I |
It is a safe alternative for verifying
interpersonal space |
Park et al. (2009)49
|
Korea |
A |
Social Interaction |
PS |
Clinical: (BARS), (SARS) Social Functioning:
(SBS), (RCS) Symptoms: (PANAS) (PANSS) |
18 female Aripiprazole group (n = 10)
[30.2(7.7)]; Risperidone group (n = 8) [29.3(6.8)] 15
healthy female [28.1(8)] |
Virtual Reality Functional Skills Assessment
(VRFSA) |
I |
It is a valid tool to measure functional
skills |
Dyck et al. (2010)6
|
Germany |
A |
Emotional Recognition |
ES |
Intelligence: (MWT-B) Symptoms: (PANAS),
(PANSS) Questionnaire of computer game experience |
20 patients [36.7(1.9)] 20 healthy controls
[36.9(2.2)] |
Virtual faces |
I |
It allows controlling animation and changing
parameters in real time, which increases the number of
observation/research options |
Park et al. (2011)24
|
Korea |
T |
Social Skills |
RCT |
Symptoms: (PANSS) Social Functioning:
(AI),(SBS), (RAS), (RCS), (SPSI-R), (SST) Questionnaire of
VR experience |
33 inpatients [28.1(7.7)] 31 inpatients with
schizophrenia disorder [31.2(7.7)] |
VR role-playing (SST-VR) |
I |
It can be applied to conversation and
assertiveness skill training; however, it is less effective
for non-verbal skills. It allows enhancing motivation. Its
usage is limited, due to the fact that it is expensive |
Gutiérrez-Maldonado et al.
(2012)29
|
Spain |
A |
Facial Recognition |
ES |
Attention: (CPT), Symptom: (PANSS), (SCIP),
(TAS-20) |
30 outpatients [n.i.] No CG |
Virtual faces |
NI |
It is a useful tool for evaluating emotion
recognition. Its dynamic nature improves accuracy in
recognising facial expressions |
Rus-Calafell et al.
(2012)25
|
Spain |
T |
Social Skills |
CS |
Anxiety: (SADS) Social Functioning: (AI),
(SFS) Symptom: (PANSS) |
1 woman [30 year old] No CG |
SOSKITRAIN - VR |
NI |
It allows strengthening other treatment
approaches in an individualised manner and it presents a
larger degree of generalisation of the gains obtained |
Rus-Calafell et al. (2014)8
|
Spain |
T |
Social Skills |
PS |
Anxiety: (SADS) Social Functioning: (AI),
(SFS), (SSIT) Symptom: (PANSS) |
12 participants [36.5(6)] No CG |
SOSKITRAIN - VR |
NI |
It enables treating patients who refuse to
participate in group therapy; it is an ecological tool; it
allows practising skills in specific social interactions; it
allows for direct, real-time observation of social
behaviours |
III. Senso-Perceptual Abilities
|
Fornells-Ambrojo et al.
(2008)33
|
UK |
A |
Safety and Feasibility of Using VR Sense of
Presence Delusion in VR |
ES |
Anxiety: (STAI) Intelligence: (WTAR) Sense of
presence: (SPQ) Side Effects: (SSQ) Symptom: (PANSS),
(G-PTS), (SSPS) VR semi structured interview |
22 participants with early psychosis
[23.5(3.1)] 20 non clinical group [25.5(4.4)] |
VE designed for research |
I |
VE can be used safely in people with
persecutory delusions |
Lallart et al. (2009)50
|
France |
A |
Sense of Presence |
ES |
Sense of Presence: (PQ) Symptom: (PANSS) |
19 individuals [33.3(8.2)] 19 healthy
controls [32.6(8)] |
VE designed for research |
I |
VR tests can safely contribute to evaluating
agency deficit |
Han et al. (2012)51
|
Korea |
A |
Auditory Hallucination |
ES |
Cognitive Ability: (RPM) Sense of presence:
(PQ), (VREQ) Side Effects: (SSQ) Symptom: (PANSS), (BAS),
(SARS) |
36 patients [28.9(6)] 20 healthy controls
matched by age |
VE designed for research |
I |
VR is particularly valuable in supplying
objective parameters for evaluating behavioural
characteristics |
Moritz et al. (2014)52
|
Germany |
A |
Delusion |
ES |
Symptom: (PANSS), (POD) |
33 in-out patients [40.5 (9.9)] No CG |
VE designed for research |
NI |
VE was safe and efficient in the evaluation
of paranoid symptoms. It does not have side effects |