1) Lehrner et al., 201554
|
Awareness of memory deficits |
280 SCD 137 aMCI 181 naMCI 43 AD 28 PD-ch 29 PD-aMCI 58 PD-naMCI 211 HC |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Functional |
VSRT Delayed Recall scores from FAI scores |
The strongest associations were observed between awareness and the domain memory. Further small but significant correlations were also observed for the domains attention, language and executive function |
2) Mograbi et al., 201550
|
Unawareness of memory |
829 AD |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition |
Discrepancies between Self-rating and informant rating, and between people self-rating and their performance |
The self-report/actual performance variable showed a relationship with cognitive impairments, such as fluency in China and visuospatial abilities in Latin America and India, and behavioral symptoms, such as mania in Latin America and hallucinations in China |
3) Vogel et al., 201514
|
Awareness |
95 AD |
Longitudinal |
Cognition Behavioral |
AQ-D |
Despite overall cognitive decline, awareness was stable over three years in many cases and in some cases even improved awareness was found |
4) Sousa et al., 20151
|
Awareness of disease |
69 AD (baseline) 55 AD (follow-up) |
Longitudinal |
Cognition Functional |
AISPDD |
The first moment of evaluation showed that impairment in awareness was associated to deficits in ADL, cognitive impairments, and higher PwD quality of life ratings. At follow up, impaired awareness was associated to deficits in ADLs, and caregivers’ QoL |
5) Mak et al., 201530
|
Anosognosia |
36 AD 20 MCI 30 HC |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Social-emotional |
AQ-D |
Anosognosia was associated with reduced global cognition and increased apathy in the AD group |
6) Chen et al., 201442
|
Unawareness of deficits unawareness of memory deficits and unawareness of psychosis or behavioral problems |
55 AD |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Behavioral |
GRAD |
Apathy was associated with neither unawareness of memory deficits nor unawareness of psychosis and behavioral problems. Depression was correlated only with unawareness of memory deficits |
7) Clare et al., 201220
|
Awareness of memory function and functional abilities |
101 AD |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Functional |
MARS-MFS |
Two areas of awareness – evaluative judgements of memory function and evaluative judgements of functional abilities show small to medium bivariate correlations with self-reported QoL-AD, with greater awareness related to lower QoL |
8) Horning et al., 201436
|
Insight |
107 AD |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Social-emotional |
NRS |
Insight over and above cognitive functioning appears to play a role in an AD patient’s experience of depressed mood, anxiety, and apathy |
9) Conde-Sala et al., 201422
|
Anosognosia |
141 AD |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Behavioral Functional |
AQ-D |
Patients with mild deterioration presented less anosognosia, more depression and a QoLp rating that was closer to that of caregivers. Among patients the presence of anosognosia was associated with better ratings of QoLp and with greater severity. Depression and anosognosia were inversely correlated among patients |
10) Conde-Sala et al., 201423
|
Anosognosia |
119 AD |
Longitudinal |
Cognition |
CAMDEX |
Anosognosia was associated with cognitive impairment, and was associated with better perceived QoL-p in moderate dementia, whereas cognitive status did not influence the ratings of these patients, moreover anosognosia and cognition act as independent variables in relation to perceived quality of life |
11) Rosen et al., 201439
|
Metacognition |
12 bvFTD 14 AD 35 HC |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition |
20-item paired associates learning paradigm |
Significant impairments in feeling of knowing accuracy in bvFTD and AD |
12) Gambina et al., 201447
|
Awareness of cognitive deficits |
79 AD |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition |
AQ-D |
Cognitive deficits in executive function, memory and language may mediate the association between capacity and awareness |
13) Marková et al., 201419
|
Awareness |
101 PwD |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Social-emotional Functional |
MARS FAQ SEQ |
Awareness of memory shows the greatest proportion of negative discrepancies (overestimation of function). Awareness of ADL also shows that a large proportion of negative discrepancies are obtained but in contrast to awareness of memory there is greater variation between individuals and more concordant responses. Awareness of socio-emotional in comparison with the other awareness phenomena shows a higher proportion of positive discrepancies observed in a substantial number of participants |
14) Lindau and Bjork, 201428
|
Anosognosia |
9 AD 12 MCI |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Social-emotional |
A&A |
AD patients rated lower cognitive disabilities relative to the MCI patients, which is here interpreted as one sign of anosognosia in AD |
15) Degirmenci et al., 201338
|
Cognitive insight |
30 AD 15 HC |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition |
BCIS |
Self-reflectiveness and self-certainty scores were significantly lower than the controls in patients with AD |
16) Zamboni et al., 201333
|
Self-awareness |
17 MCI 17 AD 17 HC |
Cross-sectional |
Functional Cognition |
Discrepancies between Self-rating and informant rating |
Dysfunction of a network involving medial prefrontal and anterior temporal cortices is associated with the failure in mechanisms necessary for correct and updated self-awareness |
17) Massimo et al., 201335
|
Self-appraisal |
49 bvFTD 73 AD |
Cross-sectional |
Functional Cognition |
Discrepancies between Self-rating and informant rating, and between people self-rating and their performance |
BvFTD show significant deficits in self-appraisal across multiple cognitive domains, suggesting a fundamental impairment in self-evaluation and self-monitoring. Observed impaired self-appraisal only for episodic memory in the AD group, suggesting a domain-specific impairment for these patients |
18) Amanzio et al., 201343
|
Awareness of deficits |
117 AD 117 HC |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Social-emotional Functional |
AQ-D |
There is a role for subcomponents of executive functions in impaired awareness of deficits such as inhibition, self-monitoring and set-shifting |
19) Mårdh et al., 201340
|
Metacognition Awareness of disease |
15 AD 15 HC |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Functional |
Self-rating and informant rating |
Although patients were aware of their disease, they were not able to realize the practical consequences of their deficit |
20) Verhülsdonk et al., 201324
|
Anosognosia |
49 AD |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Social-emotional |
AQ-D |
Patients had depressive symptoms but were unaware of them in the sense of an ‘‘affective’’ anosognosia. The phenomenon of anosognosia affects not only deficits in cognition and daily functioning, but that it can also manifest itself as non-recognition of affective symptoms |
21) Conde-Sala et al., 201325
|
Anosognosia |
164 AD |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Behavioral Functional |
AQ-D |
More symptoms on the NPI, less depression and greater deficits in ADL, are the most relevant variables that may predict anosognosia. Greater awareness of deficits is related to a reactive depressive mood, especially in the early stages of dementia |
22) Van Vliet et al., 201312
|
Awareness |
142 YO-AD 126 LO-AD |
Longitudinal |
Cognition Social-emotional |
GRAD |
Patients with YO-AD have higher levels of awareness compared with LO-AD. Intact awareness was associated with depressive symptoms, and this effect was more pronounced in YO-AD compared with LO-AD |
23) Maki et al., 201234
|
Self-awareness |
12 AP 23 AD mild 18 AD moderate 53 caregivers |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Functional |
AQ-D |
Mild AD were generally aware of their deficits even if their assessment was insufficient. In moderate AD, insufficient awareness of deficits was related to memory, and time and spatial orientation |
24) Mograbi et al., 201252
|
Unawareness of memory |
15,022 PwD |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition |
Discrepancies between Self-rating and informant rating, and between people self-rating and their performance |
Unawareness should be seen not only as a common neurobiological feature of dementia, increasing with severity of dementia, but also as a phenomenon influenced by social and cultural factors |
25) Clare et al., 201213
|
Awareness |
101 PwD |
Longitudinal |
Cognition Social-emotional |
Discrepancies between Self-rating and informant rating |
Stability in awareness for the PwD was observed despite increases in dementia-related symptoms and worsening of cognitive impairment, and in the context of no change in psychological or social well-being |
26) Mograbi et al., 201249
|
Awareness of performance |
23 AD 21 HC |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Social-emotional |
Success–failure manipulation |
There is dissociation between impaired performance judgement and preserved emotional reactivity to failure in AD |
27) Clare et al., 201220
|
Awareness |
101 PwD |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition |
Discrepancies between Self-rating and informant rating |
Indices of awareness and the ratings contributing to these indices are associated with a range of PwD factors, as well as being influenced by carer well being and carer perceptions of PwD |
28) Gallo et al., 201241
|
Metacognition |
18 AD 18 HC |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition |
AQ-D |
AD have relatively preserved metacognitive monitoring abilities on episodic memory tests, at least when the task is relatively well constrained |
29) Gilleen et al., 201215
|
Awareness |
27 AD |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Social-emotional Functional |
MARS |
Little relationship between awareness and personality scores, but modest associations between awareness and mood, age, and age of onset of first symptoms |
30) Martyr et al., 201246
|
Awareness of functioning |
50 AD 29 VaD 17 MD |
Cross-sectional |
Functional Cognition |
Discrepancies between Self-rating and informant rating |
Patients with reduced awareness of iADL ability performed better at letter fluency, indicating that awareness of functional deficits may be influenced by letter fluency |
31) Spalletta et al., 201231
|
Anosognosia |
103 AD 52 a-MCI 54 md-MCI |
Cross-sectional |
Behavioral |
AQ-D |
In the mild AD group, unawareness of behavioral deficits was related to agitation and apathy, whereas global level of anosognosia, was related to aberrant motor behaviors |
32) Arsenault-Lapierre et al., 201221
|
Anosognosia |
20 MCI 29 AD 20 HC |
Cross-sectional |
Social-emotional |
AQ-D PSS |
Anosognosia for dementia has an impact on psychological markers of stress, but not on physiological markers of stress in AD |
33) Mendez and Shapira, 201137
|
Loss of insight |
12 bvFTD 12 AD |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Social-emotional |
Self-rating performance |
Compared to AD patients, those with bvFTD initially deny the presence of their disorder |
34) Ohman et al.; 201148
|
Awareness of disabilities |
8 MCI 18 AD 5 VaD 4 Other dementias |
Cross-sectional |
Functional |
Client-centred assessment |
Participants with the same diagnosis and similar ADL process ability measures demonstrated major differences concerning their awareness of disability |
35) Amanzio et al., 201144
|
Reduced awareness of deficits |
29 AD 29 HC |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition |
AQ-D |
Unaware patients are more impaired in flexible thinking and demonstrate more pronounced behavioural disinhibition and apathy with respect to aware ones |
36) Galeone et al., 201151
|
Unawareness for memory deficit |
25 MCI 15 AD 21 HC |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition |
Discrepancies by comparison of participants self-report with either participant performance or informant report |
Unawareness for memory deficit in AD is an early symptom of their memory disorder and can be seen even in the MCI |
37) Schmitter-Edgecombe and Seelye, 201155
|
Awareness of memory deficits |
20 AD 20 HC |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition |
Discrepancies between Self-rating and informant rating |
Impaired awareness of memory problems but intact memory-monitoring abilities in an AD population |
38) Al-Aloucy et al., 201127
|
anosognosia |
65 AD |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition |
Mac nair Questionnaire FBI |
Anosognosia of memory deficit may be viewed as a generator of other behavioral abnormalities contributing to professional caregivers’ burden |
39) Sousa et al., 201145
|
Awareness of disease |
25 AD |
Longitudinal |
Cognition Functional |
AISPDD |
As the severity of dementia increases, there is also impaired awareness of disease, together with cognitive and functional deficits |
40) Nelis et al., 201117
|
Awareness |
51 AD 29 VaD 17 MD |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Social-emotional |
SEQ |
Unawareness of socio-emotional functioning was related to poorer cognitive functioning, suggesting a relationship between stage of dementia and degree of awareness |
41) Orfei et al., 201032
|
Anosognosia |
38 AD 35 a-MCI 38 md-MCI |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Functional Behavioral |
CIRS AQ-D |
In AD, anosognosia was linked to increased age and reduced ADL. Anosognosia may be primarily affected by factors other than neuropsychological, such as neuropsychiatric symptoms |
42) Vogel et al., 201016
|
Awareness |
321 AD |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Behavioral |
ARS |
Alzheimer’s disease patients with very poor insight have significantly more neuropsychiatric symptoms than patients who are fully aware of their cognitive deficits |
43) Stewart et al., 201053
|
Anosognosia of memory |
23 AD 30 HC |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition |
Measurement of Anosognosia instrument |
AD patients were generally less accurate in evaluating the level of their cognitive abilities than healthy older adults |
44) Leicht et al., 201029
|
Anosognosia |
32 AD |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Functional Social-emotional |
CIRS, discrepancies by comparison of participants self-report with either participant performance or informant report |
Discrepancies were especially pronounced for recent memory, followed by ADL, apathy and attention |
45) Williamson et al., 201018
|
Awareness/self-awareness |
10 AD 10 FTD 10 HC |
Cross-sectional |
Cognition Functional |
discrepancies between Self-rating and informant rating |
FTD and AD patients showed impaired self-awareness of cognitive deficits relative to controls. Comparison across domains suggested greater distortions in self appraisal in FTD patients on a task on which they performed slightly better than the AD patients, and also on tasks on which they performed less well |
46) Starkstein et al., 201026
|
Anosognosia |
213 AD (baseline) 154 AD (follow-up) |
Longitudinal |
Social-emotional |
AQ-D |
Anosognosia and apathy in AD increased significantly in severity after a mean period of 18 months. Anosognosia is a significant predictor of apathy in AD |