Use of statins in athletes
|
Parker et al.3737 Parker BA, Augeri AL, Capizzi JA, Ballard KD, Troyanos C, Gaggish
AL, et al. Effects of statin on creatine kinase levels before and after a
marathon run. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(2):282-7.
|
n = 80 individuals (59♂ and 21♀) |
Different statin types and doses (n = 37) |
Running a marathon |
Increase in CK after 24 horas in the statin
group |
Statins and acute physical exercises
|
Thompson et al.3838 Thompson PD, Zmuda JM, Domalik LJ, Zimet RJ, Staggers J, Guyton JR.
Lovastatin increases exercised-induced skeletal muscle injury. Metabolism.
1997;46(10):1206-10.
|
n = 59 men (18-65 years) Double-blind
randomized trial |
Lovastatin (40 mg/day; n = 22) or placebo
(n = 27) for 5 weeks |
Treadmill (45'; 15% incline; 65%
HRmax) |
Increase in CK 24 and 48 hours after the
walk in the lovastatin group |
Elbow flexion (4x10 repetitions; 50% MF) |
Reust et al.3939 Reust CS, Curry SC, Guidry JR. Lovastatin use and muscle damage in
healthy volunteers undergoing eccentric muscle exercise. West J Med.
1991;154(2):198-200.
|
n = 10 men (27-28 years) Double-blind crossover
randomized trial |
Lovastatin (40 mg/day; n = 5) or placebo (n = 5) for
30 days |
Treadmill (60'; 14% incline; 3 km/h) |
Maintenance of CK after lovastatin compared with
placebo |
Kearns et al.4040 Kearns AK, Bilbie CL, Clarkson PM, White CM, Sewright KA, O´Fallon
KS, et al. The creatine kinase response to eccentric exercise with atorvastatin
10 mg or 80 mg. Atherosclerosis. 2008;200(1):121-5.
|
n = 79 men Randomized trial |
Atorvastatin (10 mg/day, n = 42; or 80 mg/day, n =
37) for 5 weeks |
Treadmill (3x15'; 15% incline; 65%
HRmax) |
↑ total CK, CK-MB and muscular pain after
exercise |
Panayiotou et al.4141 Panayiotou G, Paschalis V, Nikolaidis MG, Theodorou AA, Deli CK,
Fotopoulou N, et al. No adverse effects of statin on muscle function ans
health-related parameters in the elderly: an exercise study. Scand J Med Sci
Sports. 2013;23(5):556-67.
|
n = 28 sedentary men (> 65 years) |
Atorvastatin (10-80 mg/day; n = 14) for ≥ 1 year |
Knee extension (5x8 maximum EC; 2 sessions) |
Similar muscular function between groups |
Urso et al.4242 Urso ML, Clarkson PM, Hittel D, Hoffman E, Thompson PD. Changes in
ubiquitin proteasome pathway gene expression in skeletal muscle with exercise
and statins. Asterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25(12):2560-6.
|
n = 8 sedentary men (18-30 years) Randomized
double-blind trial |
Atorvastatin (80 mg/day; n = 4) or placebo (n = 4)
for 4 weeks |
Knee extension (300 EC) before and after
treatment |
Different expression of genes from the PSU pathway of
catabolism and of apoptosis |
Statins and chronic physical exercises
|
Accioly et al.4343 Aciolly MF, Camargo Filho JC, Padulla SAT, Lima ALZ, Bonfim MR,
Carmo EM, et al. Efeito do exercício físico e estatinas na função muscular em
animas com dislipidemia. Rev Bras Med Esp. 2012;18(3):198-202.
|
n = 80 male rats (hyperlipidic diet, n = 60; standard
diet, n = 20) in 8 groups |
Simvastatin (20 mg, n = 20), Fluvastatin (10 mg, n =
20) or placebo (n = 20) |
Treadmill (60'; 9.75 m/min) 5x/week for 8 weeks |
Higher frequency of morphological alterations after
statin, with or without exercise |
Seachrist et al.4444 Seachrist JL, Loi C, Evans MG, Criswell KA, Rothwell CE. Roles of
exercise and pharmacokinetics in cerivastatin-induced skeletal muscle toxicity.
Toxicol Sci. 2005;88(2):551-61.
|
n = 48 female rats divided into 8 groups |
Cerivastatin (0.1; 0.5; 1.0 mg/kg/day) or placebo for
14 days |
Treadmill (25'; 20 m/minute; 15° of incline angle)
5x/week for 2 weeks |
Exacerbation of muscular degeneration; mitochondrial
involvement |
Meex et al.4545 Meex RC, Phielix E, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Moonen-Kornips E,
Schaart G, Schrauwen P, et al. The use of statins potentiates the
insulin-sensitizing effect of exercise training in obese males with and without
type 2 diabetes. Clin Sci. 2010;119(7):293-301.
|
n = 38 sedentary elderly men |
Different types and doses of statins (n = 14) |
Cycloergometer (30'; 55% ML) 2x/week and 8 resistance
exercises (3x8 repetitions; 55 and 75%) 1x/week, 12 weeks |
Increase in ML, muscular strength, muscular density
and mitochondrial function in both groups |
Mikus et al.4646 Mikus CR, Boyle LJ, Borengasser SJ, Oberlin DJ, Naples SP, Fletcher
J, et al. Simvastatin impairs exercise training adaptations. J Am Coll Cardiol.
2013;62(8):709-14.
|
n = 37 sedentary individuals with risk factor for MS
(13♂ and 24♀: 25-59 years) |
Simvastatin (40 mg/day) (n = 19) |
Treadmill (45'; 60-75% rHR) 5x/ week for 12
weeks |
Increase in LM and decrease in muscular citrate
synthase activity |
Coen et al.4747 Coen PM, Flynn MG, Markifski MM, Pence BD, Hannemann RE. Adding
exercise training to rosuvastatin treatment: influence on serum lipids and
biomarkers of muscle and liver damage. Metabolism.
2009;58(7):1030-8.
|
n = 31 sedentary individuals (15♂ and
16♀; 40-65 years) Randomized trial |
Rosuvastatin (10 mg/day) for 20 weeks |
Treadmill (20'; 60-70% rHR) and 8 resistance
exercises (70-80% 1MR), 3x/weeks for 10 weeks |
Increase in CK 48 hours after the 1st
session; absence of reports of pain/fatigue |
Mechanisms of muscular responses to statins and to physical
exercises
|
Bouitbir et al.2626 Bouitbir J, Charles AL, Rasseneur L, Dufour S, Piquard F, Geny B, et
al. Atorvastatin treatment reduces exercise capacities in rats: involvement of
mitochondrial impairments and oxidative stress. J Appl Physiol (1985).
2011;111(5):1477-83.
|
n = 34 male rats divided into 4 groups |
Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day; n = 18) or placebo for 2
weeks |
Treadmill (40'; 40 cm/s with increase of 5 cm/s up to
exhaustion; 1 session) |
Increase in ROS and decrease in mitochondrial
respiration |
Wu et al.4848 Wu JS, Buettner C, Smithline H, Ngo LH, Greenman RL. Evaluation of
skeletal muscle during calf exercise by 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance
spectroscopy in patients on statin medications. Muscle Nerve.
2011;43(1):76-81.
|
n = 10 subjects (5♂ and 5♀; 35-69
years) |
Different types and doses of statins for 4 weeks |
Plantar flexion (40% ML) for 7' or up to
exhaustion |
Increase in time of metabolic recovery and CK
maintenance |
Hubal et al.4949 Hubal MJ, Reich KA, Biase A, Bilbie C, Clarkson PM, Hoffman EP, et
al. Transcriptional deficits in oxidative phosphorylation with statin myopathy.
Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):393-401.
|
n = 14 users of statins (n = 9 symptomatic; n = 6
asymptomatic) |
Simvastatin or Atorvastatin (10-80 mg) up to myalgia
onset (2 weeks to 4 months) |
Sitting down and getting up from a chair 300 times or
up to exhaustion |
Decrease in the expression of oxidative
phosphorylation genes and of mitochondrial proteins in symptomatic
individuals |
Meador and Huey5050 Meador B, Huey KA. Statin-associated changes in skeletal muscle
function and stress response after novel or accustomed exercise. Muscle Nerve.
2011;44(6):882-9.
|
n = 59 mice divided in 6 groups |
Cerivastatin (1 mg/kg/day) or saline solution (days
15-28) |
Running wheels (adapted: days 1-28; non-adapted: days
15-28) |
Adaptation to exercise prevented loss of strength and
increased fatigue associated with statin |
Bouitbir et al.2542 Urso ML, Clarkson PM, Hittel D, Hoffman E, Thompson PD. Changes in
ubiquitin proteasome pathway gene expression in skeletal muscle with exercise
and statins. Asterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25(12):2560-6.
|
n = 20 male rats (trained, n = 10; sedentary, n =
10) |
Atorvastatin application (4, 10, 40, 100, 200 and 400
µM) to the plantaris muscle |
Treadmill (30'; 40 cm/s; 15% incline) for 10
days |
Increased mitochondrial tolerance to the drug and
decrease in production of free radicals |