Development of the BG-Malaria trap as an alternative to human-landing catches for the capture of
        <i>Anopheles darlingi</i>

Although the human-landing catch (HLC) method is the most effective for collecting anthropophilic anophelines, it has been increasingly abandoned, primarily for ethical considerations. The objective of the present study was to develop a new trap for the collection of Anopheles darlingi . The initial trials were conducted using the BG-Sentinel trap as a standard for further trap development based on colour, airflow direction and illumination. The performance of the trap was then compared with those of the CDC, Fay-Prince, counterflow geometry trap (CFG) and HLC. All trials were conducted outdoors between 06:00 pm-08:00 pm. Female specimens of An. darlingi were dissected to determine their parity. A total of 8,334 anophelines were captured, of which 4,945 were identified as An. darlingi . The best trap configuration was an all-white version, with an upward airflow and no required light source. This configuration was subsequently named BG-Malaria (BGM). The BGM captured significantly more anophelines than any of the other traps tested and was similar to HLC with respect to the number and parity of anophelines. The BGM trap can be used as an alternative to HLC for collecting anophelines.

Anopheles ; monitoring; malaria; parity

Authorship

Renata Antonaci Gama

Laboratório de Insetos e Vetores, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, BrasilUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteBrasilNatal, RN, BrasilLaboratório de Insetos e Vetores, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil

Laboratório de Ecologia Química de Insetos Vetores, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, BrasilUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBrasilBelo Horizonte, MG, BrasilLaboratório de Ecologia Química de Insetos Vetores, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil

Ivoneide Maria da Silva

Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, BrasilUniversidade Federal do ParáBrasilBelém, PA, BrasilLaboratório de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil

Martin Geier

University of Regensburg, Institut für Zoologie, Regensburg, GermanyUniversity of RegensburgGermanyRegensburg, GermanyUniversity of Regensburg, Institut für Zoologie, Regensburg, Germany

Álvaro Eduardo Eiras ⁺+ Corresponding author: alvaro.eiras@gmail.com

+ Corresponding author: alvaro.eiras@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

University of Regensburg, Institut für Zoologie, Regensburg, GermanyUniversity of RegensburgGermanyRegensburg, GermanyUniversity of Regensburg, Institut für Zoologie, Regensburg, Germany

Figures | Tables

Figures (7)
Tables (6)

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Fig. 1:
percentage of dissected An. darlingi females collected in different traps at São João, state of Rondônia, Brazil, according to their parity. CFG: counterflow geometry trap; NI: physiological condition not identified.

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Fig. 2:
total number of anophelines collected using human-landing catches (HLC) and the BG-Malaria trap over the 12-h sampling period at São João, state of Rondônia, Brazil.

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Fig. 3:
percentage of dissected Anopheles darlingi females collected using human-landing catches (HLC) and the BG-Malaria trap at São João, state of Rondônia, Brazil, according to their parity. NI: physiological condition not identified.

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Diagram of the BG-Sentinel trap. A: electrical fan; B: collecting tube; C: collecting bag; D: main trap body; E: lid; F: Styrofoam bottle; G: silicon tube. The arrows indicate the direction of the airflow. Adapted from KrÃ¶ckel et al. (2006).

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Diagram of the different configurations for the installation of the traps: A: normal at 40 cm high; B: sideways at 40 cm; C: downward at 40 cm high; D: normal at 150 cm high; E: sideways at 150 cm high; F: downward at 150 cm high.

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Different combinations of the colouration of the components of the BG-Sentinel trap tested in the present study: A: trap all white (WWW); B: all black (BBB); C: body and upper part white, collecting tube black (WWB); D: body white, upper part black, collecting tube white (WBW); E: body white, upper part and collecting tube black (WBB); F: body and upper part black, collecting tube white (BBW); G: body black, upper part white, collecting tube black (BWB); H: black body, upper part and tube white (BWW).

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Different combinations of the colouration and contrast of the components of the BG-Malaria trap tested in the present study: A: white trap with horizontal black stripes (WHS); B: white trap with vertical black stripes (WVS); C: white trap with black checkering (WC); D: black trap with horizontal white stripes (BHS); E: black trap with vertical white stripes (BVS); F: black trap with white checkering (BC); G: trap all white (WWW); H: body white, upper part black, collecting tube white (WBW); I: black body, upper part and tube white (BWW).

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TABLE I
Total and mean ± standard error (SE) number of anophelines and Anopheles darlingi captured in BG-Sentinel traps with their openings in the normal, sideways and downward-facing positions set 40 cm and 150 cm above the ground in the settlement of Mato Grosso, state of Rondônia, Brazil

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TABLE II
Frequency of trials according to the number of anopheline specimens captured by BG-Sentinel traps set at different heights and orientations of the entrance in the settlement of Mato Grosso, state of Rondônia, Brazil, 2007

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TABLE III
Total and mean ± standard error (SE) number of anophelines and Anopheles darlingi specimens captured in the BG-Sentinel traps baited with carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) under different light conditions at the settlement of Mato Grosso, state of Rondônia, Brazil

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TABLE IV
Total and mean ± standard error (SE) number of anophelines and Anopheles darlingi captured in BG-Sentinel traps at São João, state of Rondônia, Brazil, with different configurations of colouration

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TABLE V
Total and mean ± standard error (SE) number of anophelines and Anopheles darlingi captured in BG-Sentinel traps at São João, state of Rondônia, Brazil, with the following configurations of colouration

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TABLE VI
Total and mean ± standard error (SE) number of anophelines and Anopheles darlingi captured in the BG-Sentinel, CDC, counterflow geometry trap (CFG) and Fay-Prince traps in São João, state of Rondônia, Brazil

Fig. 1: percentage of dissected An. darlingi females collected in different traps at São João, state of Rondônia, Brazil, according to their parity. CFG: counterflow geometry trap; NI: physiological condition not identified.

Fig. 2: total number of anophelines collected using human-landing catches (HLC) and the BG-Malaria trap over the 12-h sampling period at São João, state of Rondônia, Brazil.

Fig. 3: percentage of dissected Anopheles darlingi females collected using human-landing catches (HLC) and the BG-Malaria trap at São João, state of Rondônia, Brazil, according to their parity. NI: physiological condition not identified.

Diagram of the BG-Sentinel trap. A: electrical fan; B: collecting tube; C: collecting bag; D: main trap body; E: lid; F: Styrofoam bottle; G: silicon tube. The arrows indicate the direction of the airflow. Adapted from KrÃ¶ckel et al. (2006).

Diagram of the different configurations for the installation of the traps: A: normal at 40 cm high; B: sideways at 40 cm; C: downward at 40 cm high; D: normal at 150 cm high; E: sideways at 150 cm high; F: downward at 150 cm high.

Different combinations of the colouration of the components of the BG-Sentinel trap tested in the present study: A: trap all white (WWW); B: all black (BBB); C: body and upper part white, collecting tube black (WWB); D: body white, upper part black, collecting tube white (WBW); E: body white, upper part and collecting tube black (WBB); F: body and upper part black, collecting tube white (BBW); G: body black, upper part white, collecting tube black (BWB); H: black body, upper part and tube white (BWW).

Different combinations of the colouration and contrast of the components of the BG-Malaria trap tested in the present study: A: white trap with horizontal black stripes (WHS); B: white trap with vertical black stripes (WVS); C: white trap with black checkering (WC); D: black trap with horizontal white stripes (BHS); E: black trap with vertical white stripes (BVS); F: black trap with white checkering (BC); G: trap all white (WWW); H: body white, upper part black, collecting tube white (WBW); I: black body, upper part and tube white (BWW).

TABLE I Total and mean ± standard error (SE) number of anophelines and Anopheles darlingi captured in BG-Sentinel traps with their openings in the normal, sideways and downward-facing positions set 40 cm and 150 cm above the ground in the settlement of Mato Grosso, state of Rondônia, Brazil

Treatment	Position (cm)	Anopheles		An. darlingi
Treatment	Position (cm)	Total (n)	Mean ± SE	Total (n)	Mean ± SE

Normal	40	50	2.8 ± 0.96 ^b	33	1.8 ± 0.87 ^a
	150	46	2.5 ± 1.18 ^b	18	1.0 ± 0.72 ^a
Sideways	40	47	2.6 ± 0.73 ^b	32	1.8 ± 0.65 ^a
	150	69	3.8 ± 1.17 ^b	42	1.3 ± 0.77 ^a
Downward	40	206	11.4 ± 4.19 ^a	126	7.0 ± 3.27 ^a
	150	132	7.3 ± 3.15 ^b	105	5.8 ± 3.18 ^a

Total	-	550	5.1 ± 0.96	356	3.3 ± 0.80

a , b : the mean values in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different (Poisson, p < 0.05). Total number of anopheline specimens collected: unidentified anophelines + Anopheles benarrochi + An. darlingi .

TABLE II Frequency of trials according to the number of anopheline specimens captured by BG-Sentinel traps set at different heights and orientations of the entrance in the settlement of Mato Grosso, state of Rondônia, Brazil, 2007

	Normal (40 cm)	Normal (150 cm)	Sideways (40 cm)	Sideways (150 cm)	Downwards (40 cm)	Downwards (150 cm)

Class	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)

0-2	12 (66.7)	15 (83.3)	12 (66.7)	9 (50)	9 (50)	9 (50)
3-5	2 (11.1)	1 (5.6)	2 (11.1)	5 (27.8)	2 (11.1)	3 (16.7)
6-8	3 (16.7)	1 (5.6)	3 (16.7)	2 (11.1)	1 (5.6)	1 (5.6)
9-11	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (5.6)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (11.1)
12-14	0 (0)	0 (0)	-	1 (5.6)	2 (11.1)	2 (11.1)
15-17	1 (5.6)	0 (0)	-	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
18-20	-	0 (0)	-	1 (5.6)	1 (5.6)	0 (0)
21-23	-	1 (5.6)	-	-	0 (0)	0 (0)
24-26	-	-	-	-	0 (0)	0 (0)
27-42 ^a	-	-	-	-	1 (5.5)	0 (0)
43-58 ^a	-	-	-	-	2 (11.1)	1 (5.6)

Total	18 (100)	18 (100)	18 (100)	18 (100)	18 (100)	18 (100)

a : the interval was increased here due to the reduced number of anophelines captured in the intermediate classes.

TABLE III Total and mean ± standard error (SE) number of anophelines and Anopheles darlingi specimens captured in the BG-Sentinel traps baited with carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) under different light conditions at the settlement of Mato Grosso, state of Rondônia, Brazil

Treatment	Anopheles		An. darlingi
Treatment	Total (n)	Mean ± SE	Total (n)	Mean ± SE

CO ₂ + white light	38	6.3 ± 3.18 ^a	30	5.0 ± 3.23 ^a
CO ₂ + ultraviolet light	56	9.3 ± 2.99 ^a	28	4.6 ± 1.38 ^a
CO ₂	144	24.0 ± 7.67 ^b	97	16.2 ± 5.3 ^b

Total	238	25.0 ± 3.33	155	16.3 ± 2.35

a , b : the mean values followed by different letters are significantly different (Poisson, p < 0.05). Total number of anopheline specimens collected: unidentified anophelines + An. darlingi .

TABLE IV Total and mean ± standard error (SE) number of anophelines and Anopheles darlingi captured in BG-Sentinel traps at São João, state of Rondônia, Brazil, with different configurations of colouration

	Anopheles		An. darlingi
Treatment	Total (n)	Mean ± SE	Total (n)	Mean ± SE

WWW	471	14.71 ± 5.15 ^a	274	8.56 ± 3.32 ^a
WWB	241	7.53 ± 9.08 ^b	157	7.53 ± 5.86 ^b
WBW	522	16.31 ± 3.73 ^a	389	12.15 ± 3.05 ^a
WBB	374	11.68 ± 3.06 ^b	248	7.75 ± 2.38 ^a
BWW	482	15.06 ± 4.41 ^a	291	9.09 ± 2.50 ^a
BWB	188	5.87 ± 1.2 ^b	127	3.96 ± 0.92 ^b
BBW	370	11.57 ± 2.62 ^b	296	9.25 ± 2.10 ^a
BBB	348	10.87 ± 2.93 ^b	213	6.65 ±1.40 ^b

Total	2,996	11.70 ± 1.18	1,995	7.79 ± 0.79

a , b : means in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different (Poisson, p < 0.05). Total number of anopheline specimens collected: unidentified anophelines + An. darlingi . BBB: all black (Fig. 3H); BBW: black body, black top, white tube (Fig. 3G); BWB: black body, white top, black tube (Fig. 3F); BWW: black body, white top, white tube (Fig. 3E); WBB: white body, black top, black tube (Fig. 3D); WBW: white body, black top, white tube (Fig. 3C); WWB: white body, white top and black collecting tube (Fig. 3B); WWW: all white (Fig. 3A).

TABLE V Total and mean ± standard error (SE) number of anophelines and Anopheles darlingi captured in BG-Sentinel traps at São João, state of Rondônia, Brazil, with the following configurations of colouration

	Anopheles		An. darlingi
Treatment	Total (n)	Mean ± SE	Total (n)	Mean ± SE

WWW	205	11.38 ±5.71 ^a	165	9.16 ± 4.62 ^a
WHS	113	6.27 ± 2.16 ^b	65	3.61 ± 0.80 ^b
WVS	70	3.88 ± 0.89 ^b	45	2.50 ± 0.61 ^b
WBW	127	7.05 ± 1.97 ^b	95	5.27 ± 1.93 ^b
WC	97	5.38 ± 1.91 ^b	63	3.50 ± 1.29 ^b
BWW	156	8.66 ± 3.03 ^b	117	6.50 ± 2.84 ^b
BHS	123	6.83 ± 2.39 ^b	100	5.55 ± 2.22 ^b
BVS	75	4.16 ± 1.01 ^b	47	2.61 ± 0.61 ^b
BC	47	2.61 ± 0.71 ^b	33	1.83 ± 0.67 ^b

Total	1,013	12.42 ± 0.87	730	8.95 ± 0.72

a , b : means in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different (Poisson, p < 0.05). Total number of anopheline specimens collected: unidentified anophelines + An. darlingi . BC: black body with white checkering (Fig. 4F); BHS: black body with white horizontal stripes (Fig. 4D); BVS: black body with white vertical stripes (Fig. 4E); BWW: black body, white top, white tube (Fig. 4I); WBW: white body, black top, white tube (Fig. 4H); WC: white body with black checkering (Fig. 4C); WHS: white body with black horizontal stripes (Fig. 4A); WVS: white body with black vertical stripes (Fig. 4B); WWW: all white (Fig. 4G).

TABLE VI Total and mean ± standard error (SE) number of anophelines and Anopheles darlingi captured in the BG-Sentinel, CDC, counterflow geometry trap (CFG) and Fay-Prince traps in São João, state of Rondônia, Brazil

	Anopheles		An. darlingi
Trap	Total (n)	Mean ± SE	Total (n)	Mean ± SE

BG-Malaria	410	34.2 ± 14.2 ^a	166	13.83 ± 3.74 ^a
CDC	19	1.58 ± 0.71 ^b	17	1.42 ± 0.56 ^b
Fay-Prince	36	3.0 ± 1.33 ^b	23	1.91 ± 0.92 ^b
CFG	32	2.67 ±1.36 ^b	23	1.91 ± 0.92 ^b

a , b : means in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different (Poisson, p < 0.05).

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Development of the BG-Malaria trap as an alternative to human-landing catches for the capture of <i>Anopheles darlingi</i>

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[1] + Corresponding author: alvaro.eiras@gmail.com