The antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation and genotypic profiles of <i>Staphylococcus haemolyticus</i> from bloodstream infections

We analysed the antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation and genotypic profiles of 27 isolates of Staphylococcus haemolyticus obtained from the blood of 19 patients admitted to a hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Our analysis revealed a clinical significance of 36.8% and a multi-resistance rate of 92.6% among these isolates. All but one isolate carried the mecA gene. The staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type I was the most prevalent mec element detected (67%). Nevertheless, the isolates showed clonal diversity based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. The ability to form biofilms was detected in 66% of the isolates studied. Surprisingly, no icaAD genes were found among the biofilm-producing isolates.

Staphylococcus haemolyticus ; SCCmec ; biofilm

Authorship

Patricia Vollú Silva ⁺+ Corresponding author: patyvollu@ig.com.br

Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, BrasilUniversidade Federal FluminenseBrasilNiterói, RJ, BrasilFaculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil

Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Farmácia, Niterói, RJ, BrasilUniversidade Federal FluminenseBrasilNiterói, RJ, BrasilUniversidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Farmácia, Niterói, RJ, Brasil

Raquel Souza Cruz

Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de JaneiroUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroInstituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro

Luiz Sérgio Keim

Geraldo Renato de Paula

Bernadete Teixeira Ferreira Carvalho

Leonardo Rocchetto Coelho

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Ensino de Graduação, Macaé, RJ, BrasilUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroBrasilMacaé, RJ, BrasilUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Ensino de Graduação, Macaé, RJ, Brasil

Maria Cícera da Silva Carvalho

Joel Mauricio Corrêa da Rosa

Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Niterói, RJ, BrasilUniversidade Federal FluminenseBrasilNiterói, RJ, BrasilUniversidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Niterói, RJ, Brasil

Agnes Marie Sá Figueiredo

Lenise Arneiro Teixeira

+ Corresponding author: patyvollu@ig.com.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (1)
Tables (1)

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A: biofilms of representative isolates of Staphylococcus haemolyticus (1: untreated; 2: proteinase K; 3: DNase; 4: sodium metaperiodate); B: microtitre based biofilm of representative isolates (1, 2: 33/08; 3, 4: 37/08; 5, 6: 69/08; 7, 8: ica -dependent biofilm producer Staphylococcus epidermidis 70D); even numbers: proteinase K treatment; odd numbers: untreated.

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TABLE
Antimicrobial resistance, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec ) types and biofilm formation of 27 Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolated from blood

A: biofilms of representative isolates of Staphylococcus haemolyticus (1: untreated; 2: proteinase K; 3: DNase; 4: sodium metaperiodate); B: microtitre based biofilm of representative isolates (1, 2: 33/08; 3, 4: 37/08; 5, 6: 69/08; 7, 8: ica -dependent biofilm producer Staphylococcus epidermidis 70D); even numbers: proteinase K treatment; odd numbers: untreated.

TABLE Antimicrobial resistance, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec ) types and biofilm formation of 27 Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolated from blood

Isolate (patient number, sex, age)	Collection date	Hospital unit	Antimicrobial resistance	PFGE	SCC mec	Biofilm ^c

05/08 (P1, M, 41)	6 Jan 2008	Intensive care	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, GEN, CIP, SXT, TEI	K	VII	NP
33/08(P2, F, 37)	4 Nov 2007	Internal medicine	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, TET, GEN, CIP, SXT	K	VII	0.56 ± 0.17
37/08 (P2)	4 Nov 2007	Neurosurgery	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, TET, GEN, CIP, SXT	I	VII	0.27 ± 0.12
27/08 (P3, M, 24)	31 Oct 2007	Neurosurgery	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, RIF, GEN, CIP, SXT	H ₂	I	NP
47/08 (P3)	31 Oct 3007	Neurosurgery	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, RIF, GEN, CIP, SXT	H ₁	I	1.32 ± 0.54
32/08 (P4, F, 82)	29 Oct 2007	Internal medicine	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, CHL, GEN, CIP, SXT	L	VIII	0.57± 0.09
43/08 (P4)	29 Oct 2007	Internal medicine	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, GEN, CIP, SXT	ND	I	0.89 ± 0.17
34/08 (P5, F, 34) ^a	25 Oct 2007	Internal medicine	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, CHL, CIP	J	VIII	NP
56/08 (P6, F, 93) ^a	25 Oct 2007	Internal medicine	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, GEN, CIP, SXT	G	VII	NP
65/08 (P7, F, 25) ^a	4 Feb 2008	Intensive care	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, CHL, TET, GEN, CIP, SXT	A	I	1.45 ± 0.38
69/08 (P7)	4 Feb 2008	Intensive care	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, CHL, GEN, CIP, SXT	F	I	0.25 ± 0.10
74/08 (P8, M, 57)	28 Jan 2008	Neurosurgery	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, CHL, GEN, CIP, SXT	A	I	3.38 ± 0.94
136/08 (P8)	28 Jan 2008	Neurosurgery	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, CHL, GEN, CIP, SXT	B	I	1.60 ± 0.66
85/08 (P9, M, NR) ^b	4 Jan 2008	Intensive care	PEN, OXA, CEF, CHL	O	VII	NP
86/08 (P9)	4 Jan 2008	Intensive care	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, CHL, TET, GEN, CIP, SXT	A	I	2.60 ± 0.46
140/08 (P10, F, NR) ^a	25 Feb 2008	Internal medicine	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, CHL, TET, RIF, GEN, CIP, SXT	G	VII	NP
142/08 (P11, M, NR)	28 Feb 2008	Coronary	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, TET, GEN, CIP, SXT	C ₁	I	NP
153/08 (P11)	28 Feb 2008	Coronary	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, GEN, CIP, SXT	C ₂	I	0.19 ± 0.07
161/08 (P11)	28 Feb 2008	Coronary	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, GEN, CIP, SXT	D	I	0.19 ± 0.1
155/08 (P12, M, 26) ^a	26 Feb 2008	Intensive care	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, CHL, TET, RIF, GEN, CIP, SXT	C ₁	I	0.48 ± 0.19
177/08 (P13, F, 59) ^b	26 Mar 2008	Trauma	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, CHL, GEN, CIP, SXT	D	I	0.90 ± 0.07
202/08 (P14, F, 14m)	1 Apr 2008	Paediatric unit	PEN, OXA, CEF, ERY, GEN, CIP, SXT	C ₁	I	NP
207/08 (P15, M, 56)	7 Apr 2008	Neurology	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, RIF, GEN, CIP, SXT	ND	I	0.44 ± 0.11
220/08 (P16, F, NB) ^b	26 Apr 2008	Intensive care	PEN, OXA, ERY	M	I	NP
283/08 (P17, F, NR) ^a	8 Jul 2008	Dialysis	PEN, OXA, CEF, CLI, ERY, GEN, CIP, SXT	E	I	0.20 ± 0.06
285/08 (P18, M, NR) ^b	27 Jun 2008	Surgery	PEN, OXA, CEF, ERY, CHL, TET, RIF, GEN, CIP, SXT	N	VII	0.38 ± 0.15
286/08 (P19, M, 62)	27 Jun 2008	Intensive care	PEN, OXA, CEF, ERY, CHL, RIF, GEN, CIP, SXT	E	I	0.24 ± 0.09

a : clinically significant isolates (for patient P4 the clinically significant isolate could not be assigned on the basis of the genotype, since the two isolates recovered had different genetic profiles); b : for these patients, clinical significance could not be evaluate due to lack of sufficient data; c : biofilm values were determined using a microtitre-based method; CEF: cefoxitin (30 µg); CHL: chloramphenicol (30 µg); CIP: ciprofloxacin (5 µg); CLI: clindamycin (2 µg); ERY: erythromycin (15 µg); F: female; GEN: gentamicin (10 µg); M: male; NB: newborn; ND: not-done; NP: non-producer; NR: not reported; OXA: oxacillin (1 µg); PEN: penicillin (10 U); RIF: rifampicin (5 µg); SXT: sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (1.25 µg/23.75 µg); TEI: teicoplanin (minimal inhibitory concentration ‰¥ 64 µg/mL); TET: tetracycline (30 µg). P4, P5, P6, P7, P10, P12, P17 were patients with significant bacteraemia.

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Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde Av. Brasil, 4365 - Pavilhão Mourisco, Manguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil, Tel.: (55 21) 2562-1222, Fax: (55 21) 2562 1220 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
E-mail: memorias@fiocruz.br

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The antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation and genotypic profiles of <i>Staphylococcus haemolyticus</i> from bloodstream infections

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[1] + Corresponding author: patyvollu@ig.com.br