Soper and Smith (1938)Soper FL, Smith HH 1938. Yellow fever vaccination with cultivated virus and immune and hyperimmune serum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 18: 111-134.
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Use of substrain 17E in human beings with human immune serum and hyperimmune serum from goats and monkeys. |
Reports of icterus and serum reactions. |
Smith et al. (1938)Smith HH, Penna HA, Paoliello A 1938. Yellow fever vaccination with cultured virus (17D) without immune serum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 18: 437-468.
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Large scale vaccination with substrain 17D without animal serum. |
Establishment of YF vaccine production at Oswaldo Cruz Institute. |
Fox et al. (1942a)Fox JP, Lennette EH, Manso C, Aguiar JRS 1942a. Encephalitis in man following vaccination with 17D yellow fever virus. Am J Hyg 36: 117-142.
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Investigate icterus outbreak after YF vaccination. |
Recommendation for elimination of human serum from YF vaccine production and establishment of seed lot system. |
Fox et al. (1942b)Fox JP, Manso C, Penna HA, Pará M 1942b. Observations on the occurrence of icterus in Brazil following vaccination against yellow fever. Am J Hyg 36: 68-116.
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Investigate outbreak of encephalitis after vaccination with substrain 17D-NY 104. |
Suspension of use of substrain 17D-NY 104. |
Fox and Cabral (1943Fox JP, Cabral AS 1943. The duration of immunity following vaccination with the 17D strain of yellow fever virus. Am J Hyg 37: 93-120.) |
Duration of immunity after YF vaccine, with several substrains and in several age groups. |
Immunity persists after YF vaccine during at least four years in adults, lower immune responses in children less than 10 years of age. |
Fox et al. (1943Fox JP, Kossobudzki SL, Cunha JF 1943. Field studies on the immune response to 17D yellow fever virus. Am J Hyg 38: 113-138.) |
Choice of a new seed lot, dose-response, alternatives for vaccine administration (subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal). |
This study was done before a previous study (Fox et al. 1942a), but published later. Human serum still used on the vaccine. A new seed lot was chosen, the substrain 17D-NY 104, that proved later to be neurotropic. |
Fox et al. (1948)Fox JP, Kossobudzki SL, Cunha JF 1943. Field studies on the immune response to 17D yellow fever virus. Am J Hyg 38: 113-138.
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Additional investigations on duration of immunity after YF vaccine. |
Additional indications of lower seroprotection and duration of immunity in children. |
Groot and Ribeiro (1962)Groot H, Ribeiro RB 1962. Neutralizing and haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to yellow fever 17 years after vaccination with 17D vaccine. Bull World Health Organ 27: 699-707.
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Long term indications of seroprotection for 17 years. |
This study was done in a region previously vaccinated with the 17D-NY 104 substrain. |
Lopes et al. (1988)Lopes OS, Guimarães SSDA, Carvalho R 1988. Studies on yellow fever vaccine. III - Dose response in volunteers. J Biol Stand 16: 77-82.
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Dose-response study. |
A dose of 1000 plaque forming units (or its equivalent in LD50) is more than enough for protection against YF. |
Stefano et al. (1999Stefano I, Sato HK, Pannuti CS, Omoto TM, Mann G, Freire MS, Yamamura AMY, Vasconcelos PFC, Oselka GW, Weckx LW, Salgado MF, Noale LFO, Souza VAUF 1999. Recent immunization against measles does not interfere with the sero-response to yellow fever vaccine. Vaccine 17: 1042-1046.) |
Investigate the interference between measles vaccine and YF vaccine. |
There is no interference between measles vaccine and YF vaccine. |
Freire et al. (2002Camacho LAB, Aguiar SG, Nascimento JP, Freire MS, Leal MLF, Iguchi T, Lozana JA, Farias RHG, Grupo Colaborativo para o Estudo das Vacinas de Febre Amarela 2005. Reactogenicity of yellow fever vaccines in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Rev Saude Publica 39: 413-420.) |
Investigate immune response and duration of immunity after YF vaccine 17DD at egg-passage 43. |
High levels of antibodies before YF vaccine inhibit the immune response. Persistence of immunity at 10 years after YF vaccination is questioned. |
Camacho et al. (2004)Camacho LAB, Freire MS, Leal MLF, Aguiar SG, Nascimento JP, Iguchi T, Lozana JA, Farias RHG, Grupo Colaborativo para o Estudo das Vacinas de Febre Amarela 2004. Immunogenicity of WHO-17D and Brazilian 17DD yellow fever vaccines: a randomized trial. Rev Saude Publica 38: 671-678.
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Immunogenicity of vaccine from new seed lot (17DD-013Z) compared to previous seed lot (17DD-102/84), World Health Organization (WHO) vaccine (17D-213/77) and placebo. |
Advances on methodology and adherence to National Health Council norms. The new seed lot has adequate immunogenicity. |
dos Santos et al. (2005)dos Santos AP, Bertho AL, Dias DC, Santos JR, Marcovistz R 2005. Lymphocyte subset analyses in healthy adults vaccinated with yellow fever 17DD virus. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 100: 331-337.
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Interspecific and specific immune response in vaccinated and revaccinated subjects. |
YF vaccine induces immune response with activation and memory of humoral and cellular arms. |
Camacho et al. (2005)Camacho LAB, Aguiar SG, Nascimento JP, Freire MS, Leal MLF, Iguchi T, Lozana JA, Farias RHG, Grupo Colaborativo para o Estudo das Vacinas de Febre Amarela 2005. Reactogenicity of yellow fever vaccines in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Rev Saude Publica 39: 413-420.
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Reactogenicity of vaccine produced with new seed lot compared to previous seed lot (17DD-102/84), WHO vaccine (17D-213/77) and placebo. |
The new seed lot is safe. |
dos Santos et al. (2007)dos Santos AP, Bertho AL, Martins RM, Marcovistz R 2007. The sample processing time interval as an influential fator in flow cytometry analysis of lymphocyte subsets. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 102: 117-120.
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Study of lymphocyte subpopulations according to the time of processing of blood samples. |
Flow cytometry by the lysis method may be done at times 0, 24 or 48 h after blood collection. |
Martins et al. (2007)Martins MA, Silva ML, Marciano APV, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Eloi-Santos SM, Ribeiro JGL, Correa-Oliveira R, Homma A, Kroon EG, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA 2007. Activation/modulation of adaptive immunity emerges simultaneously after 17DD yellow fever first-time vaccination: is this the key to prevent severe adverse reactions following immunization? Clin Exp Immunol 148: 90-100.
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Study of lymphocyte subpopulations in 10 healthy adults primovaccinated with 17DD vaccine. |
The immune response is complex, activation and modulation seem to occur at the same time. |
Santos et al. (2008)Santos AP, Matos DCS, Bertho AL, Mendonça SCF, Marcovistz R 2008. Detection of TH1/ TH2 cytokine signatures in yellow fever 17DD first-time vaccinees through ELISpot assay. Cytokine 42: 152-155.
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T helper (TH)1/TH2 cells immune responses in 12 healthy adults vaccinated against YF. |
After peripheral blood mononuclear cells ex vivo stimulation with 17DD vaccine, there is increase in interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin-4, reaching maximum levels 15 days after vaccination. |
Martins et al. (2008a)Martins MA, Silva ML, Elói-Santos SM, Ribeiro JGL, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Marciano APV, Homma A, Kroon EG, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA 2008a. Innate immunity phenotypic features point toward simultaneous raise of activation and modulation events following 17DD live attenuated yellow fever first-time vaccination. Vaccine 26: 1173-1184.
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Phenotypical response of innate immunity in 10 adults after YF vaccine. |
There is a balanced response of activation and modulation, studied in neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, natural killer (NK) and NKT cells. |
Neves et al. (2009)Neves PCC, Matos DCS, Marcovistz R, Galler R 2009. TLR expression and NK activation after human yellow fever vaccination. Vaccine 27: 5543-5549.
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Expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) and activation of NK cells in eight healthy adults vaccinated against YF. |
NK cells are activated soon after vaccination against YF. IFN-γ is increased on day 15 after vaccination. |
Melo et al. (2011)Melo AB, Silva MPC, Magalhães MCF, Gil LHV, Carvalho EMF, Braga-Neto UM, Bertani GR, Marques Jr ETA, Cordeiro MT 2011. Description of a prospective 17DD yellow fever vaccine cohort in Recife, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 739-747.
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Duration of immunity after YF vaccine. |
17DD vaccine protects for at least 10 years, but with decreasing titres. Small sample. |
Silva et al. (2011)Silva JRN, Camacho LAB, Siqueira MM, Freire M, Castro YP, Maia MLS, Yamamura AMY, Martins RM, Leal MLF, Grupo Colaborativo para o Estudo das Vacinas de Febre Amarela 2011. Mutual interference on the immune response to yellow fever vaccine and a combined vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella. Vaccine 29: 6327-6334.
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Investigate the interference between YF vaccine and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine when applied simultaneously. |
Negative and reciprocal interference of YF, rubella and mumps antigens. |
Luiza-Silva et al. (2011a)Luiza-Silva M, Campi-Azevedo AC, Batista MA, Martins MA, Avelar RS, Lemos DS, Camacho LAB, Martins RM, Maia MLS, Farias RHG, Freire MS, Galler R, Homma A, Ribeiro JGL, Lemos JAC, Martins MA, Eloi-Santos SM, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA 2011a. Cytokine signatures of innate and adaptive immunity in 17DD yellow fever vaccinated children and its association with the level of neutralizing antibody. J Infect Dis 204: 873-883.
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Cytokines in children from nine-43 months of age vaccinated against YF. |
Cytokine signatures show proinflammatory cytokines on subjects who sero-convert (SC) to YF vaccine and regulatory on non SCs. Revaccinated one year later, there was SC of previously non SCs with a proinflammatory pattern. |
Luiza-Silva et al. (2011b)Luiza-Silva M, Martins MA, Espírito-Santo LR, Campi-Azevedo AC, Silveira-Lemos D, Ribeiro JGL, Homma A, Kroon EG, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Eloi-Santos SM, Martins-Filho OA 2011b. Characterization of main cytokine sources from the innate and adaptive imune responses following primary 17DD yellow fever vaccination in adults. Vaccine 29: 583-592.
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Cellular sources of cytokines in 10 healthy adult vaccinated against YF. |
Pattern of activation and modulation. Production of IFN-γ on day 7 by NK cells and on days 15 and 30 by T CD4+ (TH) cells. |
Campi-Azevedo et al. (2012)Campi-Azevedo AC, Araujo-Porto LP, Luiza-Silva M, Batista MA, Martins MA, Sathler-AR, Silveira-Lemos D, Camacho LAB, Martins RM, Maia MLS, Farias RHG, Freire MS, Galler R, Homma A, Ribeiro JGL, Lemos JAC, Auxiliadora-Martins M, Caldas IR, Elói-Santos SM, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho O 2012. 17DD and 17D-213/77 yellow fever substrains trigger a balanced cytokine profile in primary vaccinated children. PLoS ONE 7: 1-11.
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Cytokine profile in 80 children from nine-12 months of age, vaccinated with YF 17DD or 17D-213/77. |
The YF reference vaccine from WHO has a immune response similar to the 17DD vaccine from Bio-Manguinhos/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. |
Martins et al. (2013b)Martins RM, Maia MLS, Farias RHG, Camacho LAB, Freire MS, Galler R, Yamamura AMY, Almeida LFC, Lima SMB, Nogueira RMR, Sá GRS, Hokama DA, Carvalho R, Freire RAV, Pereira Filho E, Leal MLF, Homma A 2013b. 17DD yellow fever vaccine. A Double blind, randomized clinical trial of immunogenicity and safety on a dose-response study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 9: 1-10.
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Dose-response to YF vaccine in healthy young male adults. |
YF vaccine from Bio-Manguinhos is so immunogenic in doses = 587 IU as in the usual dose of about 27,476 IU. |
Melo et al.(2013)Martins RM, Homma A, Migowski E 2013a. Imunizações. In JR Coura, Dinâmica das doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, Guanabara Koogan, Rio de Janeiro, p. 431-443.
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Memory after YF vaccine. Blood collected before vaccination two months and four years after vaccination. |
YF promiscuous antigens may be better immunogens. |