Triatoma infestans
|
Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, southern Peru, Uruguay |
Domestic and peridomestic collections of nymphs (and adults) showing high colonisation. Sylvatic foci/populations in the Andean valleys of Bolivia, in the Argentinean, Bolivian and Paraguayan Chaco and in Chile. Very low gene flow and high population genetic structure. Marked reduction of the geographic extension after residual insecticide spraying of dwellings in South America. Domestication appears to have been linked to human activities. Dispersal of the species appears to have been associated with human economic migrations. The species was apparently imported by human migrations in northern Uruguay at the beginning of the XX century and in the Northeast Region of Brazil in the 1970s. |
Domestic (with some sylvatic foci/populations) |
> 80 in Bolivia |
Torrico (1946)Torrico RA 1946. Hallazgo de Eratyrus mucronatus, infestación natural de vinchucas de cerro y Eutriatoma sordidaen Cochabamba. An Lab Central Cochabamba 1: 19-23., Schofield (1988)Schofield CJ 1988. Biosystematics of the Triatominae. In MW Service,Biosystematics of haematophagous insects, Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 284-312., Bermudez et al. (1993), Noireau et al. (1997b), Brenière et al. (1998, 2013), Panzera et al. (2004), Ceballos et al. (2009), Bacigalupo et al. (2010), Buitrago et al. (2010), Rolón et al. (2011), Waleckx et al. (2011, 2012) |
Triatoma longipennis and Triatoma barberi
|
Mexico (Jalisco and Morelos) |
High peridomestic infestation (16-60%) and colonisation (75-93%). Domestic intrusion by adults (> 70%). Feeding on humans. Population genetics shows high structuring at the peridomestic level, but high dispersal at larger scale. Significant reinfestation following insecticide spraying. |
Peridomestic with domestic intrusion |
1.8 |
Ramsey et al. (2003), Brenière et al. (2004, 2007, 2010, 2012) |
Rhodnius pallescens
|
Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia |
Infestation by adults (30%), rare colonisation. Possible attraction to houses by light. Frequent blood feeding on humans when inside houses (25-50%). Population genetics shows gene flow between sylvatic and domestic populations. |
Sylvatic (palm trees) with some domestic intrusion |
0.2-6.7a
|
Christensen and de Vasquez (1981), Lopez and Moreno (1995), Vasquez et al. (2004), Calzada et al. (2006), Zeledón et al. (2006), Pineda et al. (2008) |
Rhodnius prolixus
|
Guatemala, El Salvador |
Significant colonisation of houses. Effective control with indoor insecticide spraying. Frequent blood meals on humans (28%). |
Domiciliated (introduced) |
38.8 |
Paz-Bailey et al. (2002), Nakagawa et al. (2003a), Sasaki et al. (2003), Cedillos et al. (2012), Hashimoto et al. (2012) |
R. prolixus
|
Colombia, Venezuela |
High colonisation of houses (domestic habitat) and in palm trees (sylvatic habitat). Population genetics data with variable results: absence of gene flow in Colombia, significant gene flow in Venezuela. Frequent blood meals on humans from domestic populations (53%). |
Domiciliated and sylvatic populations |
- |
Rabinovich et al. (1979), Lopez and Moreno (1995), Feliciangeli et al. (2004, 2007), Fitzpatrick et al. (2008), Angulo et al. (2012) |
Panstrongylus geniculatus
|
Brazil, Venezuela, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, Argentina, Ecuador |
Peridomestic and domestic infestation by adults with some seasonality. High levels of intrusion by adult bugs. Rare findings of nymphs and of complete colonies. Housing quality and type not associated with infestation. Risk factors include reduced vegetation cover, reduced presence of animals in the peridomicile combined to increased presence inside dwellings, distance to forest and artificial light. Frequent contact with human and frequent human blood meals reported (up to 60% in adult bugs collected inside dwellings). Reduction of the sexual dimorphism of the isometric size and smaller size of adult specimens collected inside homes in Caracas (Venezuela) suggesting an adaptation to domiciles. |
Sylvatic with domestic intrusion Species with potential for domestication |
> 15.5 in Venezuelab > 14.2 in Ecuadorc > 1.3 in Boliviad
|
Chico et al. (1997), Naiff et al. (1998), Valente et al. (1998), Reyes-Lugo and Rodriguez-Acosta (2000), Damborsky et al. (2001), Cáceres et al. (2002), Feliciangeli et al. (2004), Carrasco et al. (2005), Rodríguez-Bonfante et al. (2007), Serrano et al. (2008), Fe et al. (2009), Reyes-Lugo (2009), Aldana et al. (2011), Depickère et al. (2011, 2012) |
Triatoma brasiliensis
|
Brazil |
Colonies found in peridomestic and sylvatic environments. Colonisation index of 20-59% intradomiciliary and 33-62% peridomiciliary. |
Domesticated |
- |
Lent and Wygodzinsky (1979), Costa et al. (2003) |
Triatoma sordida
e
|
Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay |
Peridomestic collections showing large infestation and colonisation of the peridomiciles. Intrusion (with some seasonality) of adult bugs inside dwellings with anecdotic colonisation. Implicated in re-infestation post-spraying againstT. infestans. Population dynamic model supporting insect presence as the outcome both of a local scale “near-to-near” dispersal and infestation from the wild. |
Sylvatic with an advanced process of adaptation to human habitat Predominantly peridomestic, without significant colonisation inside dwellings. |
> 29.6f
|
Forattini et al. (1983), Bar et al. (1993, 2002, 2010), Wisnivesky-Colli et al. (1993), Gurtler et al. (1999), Noireau et al. (1999a), Pires et al. (1999), Canale et al. (2000), Falavigna-Guilherme et al. (2004), da Silva et al. (2004), Dias et al. (2005), Cominetti et al. (2011), Roux et al. (2011), Maeda et al. (2012) |
T. sordida
|
Eastern Bolivia |
Small colonies (3.1 insects/colony) are frequently found inside dwellings (infestation index > 80% and colonisation index > 90%). Up to 70.4% of human blood meals in T. sordida found inside dwellings. Wider panmictic unit than T. infestans.
|
Domiciliated |
> 4 |
Noireau et al. (1995, 1997a, 1999b) |
Rhodnius ecuadoriensis
|
Ecuador (costal region) |
Domestic/peridomestic collections showing infestation and colonisation. Association of domestic infestation with sylvatic infestation. Morphometric analysis indicates flow between sylvatic and domestic habitats. Rapid reinfestation following insecticide spraying. |
Sylvatic with capability for domiciliation |
3.6 |
Grijalva et al. (2005, 2011, 2012), Black et al. (2009), Villacis et al. (2010) |
Triatoma dimidiata
g
|
Mexico (Yucatan) |
Domestic collections showing seasonal infestation by adults (> 85%) Population dynamics models. Gene flow between sylvatic and domestic habitats from population genetics. Housing quality and type and socioeconomic factors not associated with infestation. Risk factors for infestation include domestic animals, proximity of bushes, light. Rapid re-infestation following insecticide spraying. Colonisation of peridomiciles. |
Nondomiciliated |
1-5 |
Dumonteil et al. (2002, 2004, 2007, 2013), Gourbière et al. (2008), Pacheco-Tucuch et al. (2012) |
T. dimidiata
g
|
Belize |
Domestic collections showing seasonal infestation by adults. |
Nondomiciliated |
1 |
Polonio et al. (2009), |
T. dimidiata
g
|
Mexico (Veracruz) |
Domestic collections showing seasonal infestation by adults with some colonisation. Blood meal analysis showing dispersal among habitats. |
Nondomiciliated with domiciliation in process |
16.8 |
Ramos-Ligonio (2010), Torres-Montero et al. (2012) |
T. dimidiata
g
|
Guatemala, Costa Rica |
Domestic collections of nymphs (and adults) showing high colonisation. Some seasonal variations. Blood meal from domestic hosts only. Housing quality and type and low socioeconomic level associated with infestation. |
Domestic |
8.9 |
Paz-Bailey et al. (2002), Dorn (2003), Monroy et al. (2003a, b), Nakagawa et al. (2003a, b) |
Triatoma mexicana
|
Mexico |
Domestic collections showing seasonal infestation by adults. Housing quality and type not associated with infestation. |
Intrusive |
- |
Schettino et al. (2007) |
Triatoma guasayana
|
Bolivian and Argentinean Chaco |
Peridomestic collections of adults and nymphs. Intrusion of adult bugs inside dwellings without evidence of colonisation. Bugs collected inside dwellings feed on human. Implicated in re-infestation post-spraying against T. infestans.
|
Sylvatic - Peridomestic, with intrusion of adult bugs inside human dwellings |
- |
Wisnivesky-Colli et al. (1993), Gajate et al. (1996), Gurtler et al. (1999), Noireau et al. (1999a), Canale et al. (2000), Vazquez-Prokopec et al. (2005) |
Triatoma sanguisuga
|
Southern United States of America |
Adults occasionally visiting houses. Mainly adults collected inside houses, but some nymphs have also been found in several occasions. Reports of insect bites from T. sanguisuga. Frequent human blood meals. |
Essentially sylvatic, with Adults visiting human dwellings |
Suspected or incriminated vector for several autochtonous cases of vectorial transmission |
Dorn et al. (2007), Zeledón et al. (2012), Waleckx et al. (2014), Garcia et al. (2015) |