Technology for performing ocular self-examination: comparison between printed and virtual booklets

Nascimento, Jennara Candido; Lima, Maria Alzete; Barros, Lívia Moreira; Galindo Neto, Nelson Miguel; Pagliuca, Lorita Marlena Freitag; Caetano, Joselany Áfio

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Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP

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Original Article • Rev. esc. enferm. USP 52 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017024703326 copy

Technology for performing ocular self-examination: comparison between printed and virtual booklets^* * Extracted from the thesis: “Tecnologia para o autoexame ocular: estudo comparativo sobre uso da cartilha impressa versus virtual”, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 2014.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective:

Comparing the results of the ocular self-examination performed with the aid of printed and virtual versions of an educational booklet.

Method:

A quasi-experimental study carried out in a state (public) school of a capital in northeast Brazil, with 100 students equally divided into control and intervention groups according to age, gender, schooling and economic status. Pearson's Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were applied with a significance level of 5%.

Results:

The results of the self-examination obtained by the virtual and printed booklets were statistically similar, except for the item ‘Alterations of the pupillary reflex’, in which the virtual booklet was more effective for its identification (p=0.049).

Conclusion:

The printed and virtual versions of the ocular educational booklet have similar efficacy for performing ocular self-examination.

DESCRIPTORS
Eye Heath; Self-Examination; Health Education; Educational Technology; School Health

Characteristic		Booklet		p-value^ Chi-square test of linear trend.
		Virtual	Printed
		n (%)	n (%)
Far visual acuity RE (n=98)^* * The numbers differ for each variable due to not recorded responses. RE − right eye; LE – left eye;				0.610
	≥0.8	33 (67.3)	36 (73.5)
	≤0.4	16 (32.7)	13 (26.5)
Far visual acuity LE (n= 96)^* * The numbers differ for each variable due to not recorded responses. RE − right eye; LE – left eye;				0.460
	≥0.8	38 (77.6)	35 (74.5)
	≤0.4	11 (22.4)	12 (25.5)
Near visual acuity RE (n=96)^* * The numbers differ for each variable due to not recorded responses. RE − right eye; LE – left eye;				0.200
	≤J2	39 (81.2)	35 (73.0)
	≥J3	9 (18.8)	13 (27.0)
Near visual acuity LE (n=96)^* * The numbers differ for each variable due to not recorded responses. RE − right eye; LE – left eye;				0.280
	≤J2	40 (83.3)	38 (79.1)
	≥J3	8 (16.7)	10 (20.9)

		Booklet		p-value^ Fisher's Exact Test.
		Virtual	Printed
		n (%)	n (%)
Eyelids: warning signs during the examination? (n=98)^* * The numbers differ for each variable due to not recorded responses;				0.117
	Yes	0 (0.0)	4 (8.2)
	No	49 (100.0)	45 (91.8)
Conjunctiva and sclera: warning signs during the examination? (n=98)^* * The numbers differ for each variable due to not recorded responses;				0.059
	Yes	1 (2.0)	7 (14.3)
	No	48 (98.0)	42 (85.7)
Regular iris, round and flat and of uniform color? (n=94)^* * The numbers differ for each variable due to not recorded responses;				0.303
	Yes	46 (93.9)	39 (86.7)
	No	3 (6.1)	6 (13.3)
Pupil: similar size in both eyes? Does it increase and decrease according to light? (n=96)^* * The numbers differ for each variable due to not recorded responses;				0.049
	Yes	29 (59.2)	37 (78.7)
	No	20 (40.8)	10 (21.3)

		Booklet		p-value^ Fisher's Exact Test.
		Virtual	Printed
		n (%)	n (%)
Has any area become blurred? (n=98)^* * The numbers differ for each variable due to not recorded responses;				0.840
	Yes	22 (44.9)	24 (49.0)
	No	27 (55.1)	25 (51.0)
Has any area become dark? (n=97)^* * The numbers differ for each variable due to not recorded responses;				0.147
	Yes	9 (18.8)	4 (8.2)
	No	39 (81.2)	45 (91.8)
Has any area gone missing? (n=97)^* * The numbers differ for each variable due to not recorded responses;				0.678
	Yes	2 (4.2)	4 (8.2)
	No	46 (95.8)	45 (91.8)
Are all Amsler grid lines straight and all squares visible? (n=98)^* * The numbers differ for each variable due to not recorded responses;				0.263
	Yes	32 (65.3)	38 (77.6)
	No	17 (34.7)	11 (22.4)
Did you have double vision? (n=97)^* * The numbers differ for each variable due to not recorded responses;				0.307
	Yes	11 (22.9)	7 (14.3)
	No	37 (77.1)	42 (85.7)

Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 419 , 05403-000 São Paulo - SP/ Brasil, Tel./Fax: (55 11) 3061-7553, - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: reeusp@usp.br

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[1] Corresponding author: Nelson Miguel Galindo Neto, BR 232, Km 208, s/n CEP 55200-000 – Pesqueira, PE, Brazil nelson.miguel@pesqueira.ifpe.edu.br