Background and Reference Values of Metals in Soils from Paraíba State, Brazil

Almeida, Agenor Bezerra de; Nascimento, Clístenes Williams Araújo do; Biondi, Caroline Miranda; Souza, Adailson Pereira de; Barros, Felipe Martins do Rêgo

doi:10.1590/18069657rbcs20150122

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Division 3 - Soil Use and Management • Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 40 • 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/18069657rbcs20150122 copy

Background and Reference Values of Metals in Soils from Paraíba State, Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Soil contamination by heavy metals threatens ecosystems and human health. Environmental monitoring bodies need reference values for these contaminants to assess the impacts of anthropogenic activities on soil contamination. Quality reference values (QRVs) reflect the natural concentrations of heavy metals in soils without anthropic interference and must be regionally established. The aim of this study was to determine the natural concentrations and quality reference values for the metals Ag, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn in soils of Paraíba state, Brazil. Soil samples were collected from 94 locations across the state in areas of native vegetation or with minimal anthropic interference. The quality reference values (QRVs) were (mg kg^-1): Ag (<0.53), Ba (117.41), Cd (0.08), Co (13.14), Cu (20.82), Cr (48.35), Mo (0.43), Ni (14.44), Sb (0.61), Pb (14.62) and Zn (33.65). Principal component analysis grouped the metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Sb (PC1); Ag (PC2); and Ba, Co, Fe, Mn and Zn (PC3). These values were made official by Paraíba state through Normativa Resolution 3602/2014.

geochemistry; soil pollution; micronutrients; trace elements

Ident.	Municipality	Coord S/W	Alt	Soil class⁽¹⁾	Geological background⁽²⁾
			m
1	Pitimbu	07^o29’16”/34^o49’13”	43	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	S
2	Alhandra	07^o24’21”/34^o55’10”	69	Latossolo (Typic Hapludox)	S
3	Pedras de Fogo	07^o21’55”/35^o01’39”	131	Neossolo Quartzarênico (Typic Quarzipsament)	S
4	Pedras de Fogo	07^o19’45”/34^o56’43”	125	Latossolo (Typic Hapludox)	S
5	Conde	07^o16’04”/34^o53’01”	71	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	S
6	Cabedelo	06^o59’42”/34^o53’01”	17	Neossolo Quartzarênico (Typic Quarzipsament)	S
7	Cabedelo	06^o59’42”/34^o49’41”	17	Espodossolo (Typic Haplorthod)	S
8	João Pessoa	07^o03’52”/34^o51’13”	70	Neossolo Quartzarênico (Typic Quarzipsament)	S
9	Mamanguape	06^o51’43”/35^o08’17”	15	NC	S
10	Santa Rita	06^o59’03”/35^o08’34”	146	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	S
11	Santa Rita	07^o00’53”/35^o07’34”	194	Neossolo Quartzarênico (Typic Quarzipsament)	S
12	Sapé	07^o02’60”/35^o14’31”	146	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	S
13	Itapororoca	06^o51’27”/35^o13’59”	95	Luvissolo (Aridic Haplustalf)	C
14	Baia da Traição	06^o43’54”/34^o57’09”	53	Neossolo Quartzarênico (Typic Quarzipsament)	S
15	Rio Tinto	06^o48’09”/35^o04’25”	21	Gleissolo (Typic Endoaquent)	S
16	Jacaraú	06^o38’39”/35^o16’05”	235	Plintossolo (Typic Udox)	C
17	Lagoa de Dentro	06^o39’59”/35^o23’10”	199	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	C
18	Riachão	06^o33’08”/35^o40’04”	197	Neossolo Litólico (Lithic Ustortent)	C
19	Campo de Santana	06^o29’56”/35^o39’36”	334	Neossolo Litólico (Lithic Ustortent)	C
20	Solânea	06^o41’29”/35^o44’34”	332	Neossolo Litólico (Lithic Ustortent)	C
21	Solânea	06^o41’28”/35^o44’35”	327	Cambissolo (Oxic Ustropept)	C
22	Cassarengue	06^o46’53”/35^o48’17”	515	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	C
23	Bananeiras	06^o42’60”/35^o38’14”	607	Latossolo (Typic Hapludox)	C
24	Areia	06^o58’04”/35^o44’11”	622	Latossolo (Typic Hapludox)	C
25	Areia	06^o57’60”/35^o44’10”	620	Latossolo (Typic Hapludox)	C
26	Alagoa grande	07^o01’14”/35^o37’41”	237	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	C
27	Alagoinha	06^o57’32”/35^o33’10”	193	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	C
28	Mulungu	06^o58’41”/35^o30’31”	140	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	C
29	Gurinhém	07^o08’47”/35^o25’21”	123	Neossolo Quartzarênico (Typic Quarzipsament)	C
30	Itabaiana	07^o19’00”/35^o20’35”	110	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	S
31	Mogeiro	07^o19’07”/35^o22’08”	128	Neossolo Regolítico (Typic Ustortent)	C
32	Mogeiro	07^o16’41”/35^o29’31”	159	Neossolo Litólico (Lithic Ustortent)	C
33	Fagundes	07^o19’19”/35^o46’32”	269	Planossolo (Typic Albaqualf)	C
34	Riachão do Bacamarte	07^o15’02”/35^o38’35”	148	Neossolo Flúvico (Typic Aquisalid)	C
35	Ingá	07^o19’34”/35^o37’42”	192	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	C
36	Natuba	07^o40’06”/35^o36’53”	606	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	C
37	Umbuzeiro	07^o41’21”/35^o39’02”	499	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	C
38	Queimadas	07^o22’34”/35^o54’24”	430	Vertissolo (Chromic Haplustert)	C
39	Serra redonda	07^o12’47”/35^o39’33”	365	NC	C
40	Massaranduba	07^o11’06”/35^o43’08”	212	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	C
41	Alagoa Nova	07^o04’00”/35^o42’28”	388	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	C
42	Barra de Santa Rosa	06^o44’08”/36^o03’01”	474	Planossolo (Typic Albaqualf)	C
43	Cuité	06^o28’34”/36^o08’16”	669	Latossolo (Typic Hapludox)	C
44	Nova Floresta	06^o27’41”/36^o11’35”	670	Latossolo (Typic Hapludox)	S
45	Soledade	07^o04’45”/36^o19’44”	571	Neossolo Litólico (Lithic Ustortent)	C
46	Pocinhos	07^o04’07”/36^o03’06”	648	Planossolo (Typic Albaqualf)	C
47	Seridó	06^o53’20”/36^o23’52”	643	Neossolo Quartzarênico (Typic Quarzipsament)	C
48	Cubati	06^o52’11”/36^o22’10”	566	Planossolo (Typic Albaqualf)	C
49	Juazeirinho	07^o02’51”/36^o32’20”	581	Planossolo (Typic Albaqualf)	C
50	Junco do Seridó	07^o01’50”/36^o39’46”	584	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	C
51	São Mamede	06^o54’55”/37^o01’51”	306	Luvissolo (Aridic Haplustalf)	C
52	Taperoá	07^o11’06”/36^o49’39”	554	Cambissolo (Oxic Ustropept)	C
53	Livramento	07^o19’18”/36^o57’50”	614	Cambissolo (Oxic Ustropept)	C
54	Amparo	07^o33’48”/37^o00’55”	656	Luvissolo (Aridic Haplustalf)	C
55	Prata	07^o42’47”/37^o03’46”	615	Luvissolo (Aridic Haplustalf)	C
56	Monteiro	07^o52’32”/37^o05’44”	626	Luvissolo (Aridic Haplustalf)	C
57	Camalaú	07^o50’51”/36^o52’37”	574	Luvissolo (Aridic Haplustalf)	C
58	Sumé	07^o42’22”/36^o55’08”	553	Planossolo (Typic Albaqualf)	C
59	Serra Branca do Cariri	07^o33’40”/36^o40’39”	517	Luvissolo (Aridic Haplustalf)	C
60	São João do Cariri	07^o26’35”/36^o34’53”	492	Luvissolo (Aridic Haplustalf)	C
61	Gurjão	07^o13’08”/36^o26’53”	518	Planossolo (Typic Albaqualf)	C
62	Picuí	06^o28’53”/36^o18’46”	655	Neossolo Litólico (Lithic Ustortent)	C
63	Nova Palmeira	06^o39’05”/36^o24’20”	622	Neossolo Regolítico (Typic Ustortent)	C
64	Maturéia	07^o14’22”/37^o18’27”	760	Cambissolo (Oxic Ustropept)	S
65	Texeira	07^o15’28”/37^o16’14”	778	Neossolo Regolítico (Typic Ustortent)	C
66	Imaculada	07^o24’14”/37^o31’11”	746	Neossolo Regolítico (Typic Ustortent)	C
67	Juru	07^o32’52”/37^o50’04”	608	Luvissolo (Aridic Haplustalf)	C
68	Princesa Isabel	07^o43’27”/38^o00’18”	679	Cambissolo (Oxic Ustropept)	C
69	Princesa Isabel	07^o43’20”/37^o56’32”	759	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	C
70	Tavares	07^o37’06”/37^o53’30”	706	NC	C
71	Santana dos Garrotes	07^o27’03”/37^o59’17”	346	Neossolo Litólico (Lithic Ustortent)	C
72	Olho d'Água	07^o12’09”/37^o45’09”	272	Neossolo Litólico (Lithic Ustortent)	C
73	Piancó	07^o10’48”/37^o54’45”	293	Neossolo Litólico (Lithic Ustortent)	C
74	Itaporanga	07^o17’21”/38^o07’40”	313	Luvissolo (Aridic Haplustalf)	C
75	Diamante	07^o26’52”/38^o17’14”	339	Neossolo Litólico (Lithic Ustortent)	C
76	Santana da Mangueira	07^o31’26”/38^o20’30”	379	Neossolo Litólico (Lithic Ustortent)	C
77	Conceição	07^o31’49”/38^o30’05”	432	Cambissolo (Oxic Ustropept)	C
78	Bonito de Santa Fé	07^o15’39”/38^o30’54”	626	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	C
79	São José do Piranhas	07^o08’25”/38^o30’25”	375	Luvissolo (Aridic Haplustalf)	C
80	Cajazeiras	06^o51’43”/38^o31’51”	276	Luvissolo (Aridic Haplustalf)	C
81	São José do Rio do Peixe	06^o41’47”/38^o28’41”	296	NC	S
82	Triunfo	06^o35’26”/38^o34’30”	306	Planossolo (Typic Albaqualf)	S
83	Uiraúna	06^o33’54”/38^o24’44”	309	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	C
84	Sousa	06^o46’14”/38^o17’12”	232	Vertissolo (Chromic Haplustert)	S
85	Sousa	06^o45’44”/38^o17’16”	241	Planossolo (Typic Albaqualf)	S
86	Catolé do Rocha	06^o20’06”/37^o42’36”	276	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	C
87	Belém do Brejo do Cruz	06^o13’32”/37^o32’15”	207	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	C
88	São Bento	06^o25’43”/37^o27’09”	174	Luvissolo (Aridic Haplustalf)	C
89	Paulista	06^o34’45”/37^o35’39”	180	Luvissolo (Aridic Haplustalf)	C
90	Pombal	06^o43’07”/38^o01’08”	282	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	C
91	Malta	06^o52’56”/37^o31’53”	294	Argissolo (Typic Kandiudult)	C
92	São José do Espinharas	06^o50’27”/37^o23’57”	238	Luvissolo (Aridic Haplustalf)	C
93	Patos	02’17”/37^o20’29”	280	Luvissolo (Aridic Haplustalf)	C
94	Santa Terezinha	07^o04’60”/37^o25’02”	306	Luvissolo (Aridic Haplustalf)	C

Characteristic	Mean	Median	Minimum	Maximum	Standard deviation
pH(H₂O)	5.7	5.8	3.9	7.2	0.72
H+Al (cmol_c dm^-3)	3.67	3.04	0.21	15.88	2.54
Al³⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	0.27	0.10	0.05	2.80	0.42
Na⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	0.14	0.08	0.02	1.69	0.21
K⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	0.36	0.33	0.02	1.02	0.21
Ca²⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	4.6	3.7	0.2	25.8	4.4
Mg²⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	2.9	2.2	0.1	21.8	3.0
SB (cmol_c dm^-3)	8.1	6.4	0.6	48.5	7.3
t (cmol_c dm^-3)	8.3	6.6	1.7	48.6	7.2
T (cmol_c dm^-3)	11.7	9.8	3.7	51.5	7.08
V (%)	63.9	71.0	8.3	98.0	22.7
m (%)	7.8	1.5	0.2	69.9	14.6
OC (g kg^-1)	11.9	9.8	2.3	39.6	6.6
Sand (g kg^-1)	685	727	152	932	168
Silt (g kg^-1)	125	96	19	485	102
Clay (g kg^-1)	190	162	40	465	98

Metal	Determined value	Certified value (NIST)⁽¹⁾	Recovery⁽²⁾	Leaching value (NIST)	Leaching-based recovery⁽³⁾
	mg kg^-1		%
Ag	4.75	4.63 ± 0.39	95	86	110
Ba	169.93	726 ± 38	25	28	88
Cd	38.31	41.7 ± 0.25	92	96	96
Co	7.44	10	74	82	90
Cu	111.54	114 ± 2	100	88	113
Cr	20.61	47	44	43	102
Fe	20,273.75	28,900 ± 600	72	76	94
Mn	484.05	638 ± 28	79	77	103
Mo	0.00	1.6	0	*	*
Ni	12.86	20.6 ± 1.1	66	78	85
Pb	954.88	1162 ± 31	84	95	89
Sb	13.81	19.4 ± 1.8	78	*	*
Zn	224.29	350.4 ± 4.8	65	89	73

Metal	Mean	Median	Maximum	SD	n(1)	P(75)	P(90)	PV	IV
Ag (mg kg^-1)	0.04	<DL	1.41	0.17	0	<0.53	<0.88	0.25	25
Ba (mg kg^-1)	60.85	46.34	336.25	60.78	4	87.96	117.41	150	300
Cd (mg kg^-1)	0.06	0.04	0.84	0.12	7	0.06	0.08	1.3	3
Co (mg kg^-1)	5.97	3.57	44.89	7.27	3	7.93	13.14	25	35
Cu (mg kg^-1)	10.25	5.75	81.98	12.33	6	11.22	20.82	60	200
Cr (mg kg^-1)	28.14	15.56	266.08	38.31	5	28.81	48.35	75	150
Fe (g kg^-1)	14.31	11.36	51.61	10.86	4	18.74	24.07	*	*
Mn (mg kg^-1)	268.33	199.33	2,608.75	336.67	3	350.83	504.08	*	*
Mo (mg kg^-1)	0.01	<DL	0.43	0.06	0	<0.24	<0.33	30	50
Ni (mg kg^-1)	12.22	4.39	156.73	22.79	11	9.12	14.44	30	70
Pb (mg kg^-1)	8.11	7.10	33.00	5.46	3	10.01	14.62	72	180
Sb (mg kg^-1)	0.42	0.24	4.26	0.67	7	0.39	0.61	2	5
Zn (mg kg^-1)	16.97	15.33	44.43	11.01	0	23.46	33.65	300	450

Metal	SP⁽¹⁾	MG⁽²⁾	MT and RO⁽³⁾	RN⁽⁴⁾	PB⁽⁵⁾	Fernando de Noronha⁽⁶⁾
Ag (mg kg^-1)	0.25	-	-	0.88	<0.53	-
Ba (mg kg^-1)	75	171.43	-	58.91	87.96	834.88
Cd (mg kg^-1)	<0.5	1.01	<0.3	0.10	0.06	-
Co (mg kg^-1)	13	17.50	21.30	15.41	7.93	19.61
Cr (mg kg^-1)	40	86.59	44.80	30.94	11.22	266.13
Cu (mg kg^-1)	35	13.22	20.60	13.69	28.81	41.49
Fe (g kg^-1)	-	83.07	-	-	18.74	-
Mn (mg kg^-1)	-	446.91	-	-	350.83	-
Mo (mg kg^-1)	<4.00	-	-	-	<0.24	-
Ni (mg kg^-1)	13	23.04	2.10	19.84	9.12	58.75
Pb (mg kg^-1)	17	15.80	9.00	16.18	10.01	-
Sb (mg kg^-1)	<0.5	-	-	0.18	0.39	5.96
Zn (mg kg^-1)	60	31.04	3.00	23.85	23.46	117.58

Metal	Ag	Ba	Cd	Co	Cu	Cr	Fe	Mn	Mo	Ni	Pb	Sb	Zn
Ag	1.00	-0.07^ns	-0.05^ns	0.05^ns	0.15^ns	0.04^ns	0.35**	0.51**	-0.05^ns	-0.03^ns	0.11^ns	0.30**	-0.12^ns
Ba	-0.07^ns	1.00	0.29**	0.68**	0.57**	0.41**	0.58**	0.56**	-0.20^ns	0.44**	0.36**	0.17^ns	0.68**
Cd	-0.05^ns	0.29**	1.00	0.35*	0.62**	0.48**	0.28**	0.20**	-0.03^ns	0.53**	0.49**	0.53**	0.43**
Co	0.05^ns	0.68**	0.35**	1.00	0.83**	0.83**	0.78**	0.72**	-0.19^ns	0.88**	0.52**	0.65**	0.70**
Cu	0.15^ns	0.57**	0.62**	0.83**	1.00	0.80	0.80**	0.70**	-0.17^ns	0.84**	0.66**	0.69**	0.68**
Cr	0.04^ns	0.41**	0.48**	0.83**	0.80**	1.00	0.70**	0.45**	-0.11^ns	0.96**	0.54**	0.81**	0.54**
Fe	0.35**	0.58**	0.28**	0.78**	0.80**	0.70**	1.00	0.73**	-0.17^ns	0.66**	0.67**	0.66**	0.68**
Mn	0.51**	0.56**	0.20**	0.72**	0.70**	0.45**	0.73**	1.00	-0.17^ns	0.50**	0.54**	0.50**	0.53**
Mo	-0.05^ns	-0.20^ns	-0.03^ns	-0.19^ns	-0.17^ns	-0.11^ns	-0.17^ns	-0.17^ns	1.00	-0.11^ns	-0.17^ns	-0.05^ns	-0.23^ns
Ni	-0.03^ns	0.44**	0.53**	0.88**	0.84**	0.96**	0.66**	0.50**	-0.11^ns	1.00	0.54**	0.80**	0.57**
Pb	0.11^ns	0.36**	0.49**	0.52**	0.66**	0.54**	0.67**	0.54**	-0.17^ns	0.54**	1.00	0.65**	0.71**
Sb	0.30**	0.17^ns	0.53**	0.65**	0.69**	0.81**	0.66**	0.50**	-0.05^ns	0.80**	0.65**	1.00	0.41**
Zn	-0.12^ns	0.68**	0.43**	0.70**	0.68**	0.54**	0.68**	0.53**	-0.23^ns	0.57**	0.71**	0.41**	1.00

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[1] * Corresponding author: E-mail: clistenes.nascimento@ufrpe.br