Potassium Fertilization for Long Term No-Till Crop Rotation in the Central-Southern Region of Paraná, Brazil

Vieira, Renan Costa Beber; Fontoura, Sandra Mara Vieira; Bayer, Cimélio; Moraes, Renato Paulo de; Carniel, Eduardo

doi:10.1590/18069657rbcs20150193

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Division – Soil Use and Management • Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 40 • 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/18069657rbcs20150193 copy

Potassium Fertilization for Long Term No-Till Crop Rotation in the Central-Southern Region of Paraná, Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Fertilization programs for annual crops in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil, are based on studies that focused on conventional tillage and were established more than 30 years ago. The primary purpose of this study was to assess potassium (K) fertilization on long-term (>30 years) no-tillage soybean, corn, wheat, and barley crops grown in rotation on Oxisols in the central-southern region of Paraná. A total of 47 experiments were carried out from 2008 to 2013, three of which addressed K calibration and the other 44, crop response to K fertilization. Critical K soil-test value and interpretation classes were established from the ratio between relative crop yield [RY = (yield without K/max yield) × 100] and soil K levels. Winter cereals were found to be more demanding of K than were soybean and corn; also, the former governed critical K soil-test value for crop rotation: 0.23 cmol_c dm^-3 in the 0.00-0.20 m soil layer. Recommended fertilization rates for soils in the low and medium soil K levels were established by using the build-up approach for soil correction; and those for the high and very high soil K levels were established by removing K at harvest and assessing economic return in crop response experiments. The K rates calculated for the high yield classes exceeded those currently recommended for use in Paraná.

calibration; critical level; Mehlich-1

Crop	Guarapuava			Pinhão			Candói

	Yield⁽¹⁾	RY⁽²⁾	Soil-test K	Yield	RY	Soil-test K	Yield	RY	Soil-test K
	Mg ha^-1	%	cmol_c dm^-3	Mg ha^-1	%	cmol_c dm^-3	Mg ha^-1	%	cmol_c dm^-3
Soybean	3.7-6.0	91-100	0.25–0.65	3.6-4.5	89-100	0.47-0.73	3.9-4.6	84-98	0.14-0.57
Corn	15.9-16.2	99-100	0.35–0.66	13.2-14.9	88-92	0.57-0.83	14.6-15.5	94-100	0.15-0.39
Wheat	-	-	-	3.8-4.1	92-94	0.57-0.87	-	-	-
Barley	6.2-6.7	93-96	0.29-0.56	5.2-5.8	91-96	0.50-0.65	4.5-5.1	90-99	0.15-0.39
White oat	-	-	-	-	-	-	2.0-2.5	78-87	0.14-0.49

Experimental site	Harvest	Equation	r²	Soil-test K			Interpretation class	Without K	MTE		MEE
Experimental site	Harvest	Equation	r²	0.00-0.10 m	0.00-0.20 m		Interpretation class	RY	Rate	Yield	Rate
				-------cmol_c dm^-3-------				%	-------------kg ha^-1----------
	Soybean
Murakami 1	2011/12	ŷ = 4369 6.25^* x + 0.011^** x²	0.96	0.32	0.24	High		100	0	4369		0
Jaster	2012/13	ŷ = 5002 + 2.91 x – 0.013^* x²	0.84	0.35	0.27	High		97	111	5164		51
Candói	2011/12	ŷ = 3434 – 6.08 x + 0.027^* x²	0.80	0.35	0.31	High		100	0	3434		0
Guarapuava 1	2011/12	ŷ = 4416 + 4.94 x – 0.018^* x²	0.72	0.39	0.38	High		93	139	4759		94
Murakami 2	2012/13	ŷ = 6057 – 6.12^* x + 0.013^* x²	0.92	0.42	0.42	High		100	0	6057		0
Guarapuava 2	2012/13	ŷ = 5891 – 7.74^ x + 0.026^ x²	0.98	0.58	0.43	High		100	0	5891		0
Roncador 1	2011/12	ŷ = 3732 – 0.82 x – 0.005^* x²	0.81	0.60	0.49	Very High		100	0	3732		0
Pinhão	2011/12	ŷ = 3064 – 0.72 x	0.27	0.70	0.56	Very High		100	0	3064		0
Murakami 3	2012/13	ŷ = 3497 – 2.16 x	0.56	0.85	0.62	Very High		100	0	3497		0
Roncador 2	2012/13	ŷ = 3427 + 1.23 x – 0.009^* x²	0.80	0.68	0.66	Very High		99	67	3468		0
Murakami 4	2011/12	ŷ = 4671 – 4.34^* x + 0.013^** x²	0.96	0.78	0.67	Very High		100	0	4671		0
	Corn
Murakami 1	2011/12	ŷ = 14 898 + 1.16^* x	0.82	0.24	0.22		Medium	98	240	15 175	0
Pinhão 1	2011/12	ŷ = 12 742 – 1.23 x	0.07	0.46	0.26		High	100	0	12 742	0
Roncador 1	2012/13	ŷ = 15 773 + 12.92 x – 0.065^* x²	0.73	0.46	0.26		High	96	100	16 419	73
Goioxim	2012/13	ŷ = 12 452 + 20.74 x – 0.096^* x²	0.69	0.44	0.35		High	92	108	13 568	89
Roncador 2	2011/12	ŷ = 10 690 – 0.31 x	0.01	0.54	0.37		High	100	0	10 690	0
Candói	2012/13	ŷ = 11 843 + 11.34^* x – 0.058^* x²	0.89	0.55	0.39		High	96	98	12 399	67
Pinhão 2	2012/13	ŷ = 13 855 + 1.24 x	0.05	0.76	0.47		Very High	98	240	14 154	0
Guarapuava 1	2011/12	ŷ = 14 862 + 25.46^* x – 0.158^** x²	0.98	0.50	0.50		Very High	94	81	15 889	69
Guarapuava 2	2012/13	ŷ = 14 962 + 10.91^ x – 0.053^ x²	0.99	0.81	0.52		Very High	96	104	15 529	70
Murakami 2	2012/13	ŷ = 14 229 – 5.05 x	0.50	0.64	0.54		Very High	100	0	14 229	0

Experimental site	Year	Equation	r²	Soil-test K		Interpretation class	Without K	MTE		MEE

				0.00-0.10 m	0.00-0.20 m		RCR	Rate	Yield	Rate
				-----cmol_c dm^-3----			%	-----------kg ha^-1-----------
	Wheat
Rodeio	2011	ŷ = 2235 + 3.62 x – 0.009 x²	0.67	0.30	0.20	Medium	85	206	2507	69
Santa Clara	2011	ŷ = 3940 + 5.50^* x – 0.017^* x²	0.90	0.27	0.23	Medium	90	159	4377	90
Guarapuava	2011	ŷ = 4321 + 2.28 x	0.65	0.34	0.24	High	89	240	4867	0
Pinhão 1	2012	ŷ = 2629 + 0.57 x – 0.002 x²	0.64	0.33	0.25	High	98	180	2680	0
Santa Rita	2011	ŷ = 5061 + 5.29^* x – 0.015^** x²	0.94	0.33	0.28	High	92	173	5518	94
Guarapuava	2012	ŷ = 4129 + 12.69^ x – 0.094^ x²	0.99	0.47	0.29	High	91	68	4559	55
Murakami 1	2012	ŷ = 2291 + 1.17^* x	0.73	0.58	0.29	High	89	240	2571	0
Roncador	2012	ŷ = 2787 + 0.04 x	0.01	0.40	0.37	High	100	240	2796	0
Murakami 2	2012	ŷ = 2853 + 4.47 x – 0.012^* x²	0.64	0.50	0.47	Very High	87	193	3284	88
Santana	2011	ŷ = 4273 + 0.39 x	0.16	0.61	0.56	Very High	98	240	4367	0
Campo Bonito	2011	ŷ = 4490 + 4.46 x – 0.009^* x²	0.82	0.70	0.62	Very High	89	237	5019	109
Pinhão 2	2012	ŷ = 3226 – 1.88 x	0.53	0.71	0.64	Very High	100	0	3226	0
	Barley
Rodeio	2011	ŷ = 1816 + 14.65^* x – 0.093^** x²	0.96	0.30	0.20	Medium	76	79	2395	65
Santa Clara	2011	ŷ = 5410 + 5.75 x – 0.020^* x²	0.84	0.27	0.23	Medium	93	142	5816	79
Guarapuava	2011	ŷ = 5127 + 2.51 x – 0.011 x²	0.51	0.34	0.24	High	97	117	5274	0
Pinhão 1	2012	ŷ = 3056 + 8.59 x – 0.031 x²	0.32	0.33	0.25	High	84	140	3657	99
Santa Rita	2011	ŷ = 3219 + 11.10 x – 0.036^* x²	0.67	0.33	0.28	High	79	154	4072	119
Guarapuava	2012	ŷ = 4843 + 4.73^* x – 0.015^* x²	0.89	0.47	0.29	High	93	160	5221	75
Murakami 1	2012	ŷ = 2302 + 3.93^* x – 0.017^* x²	0.88	0.58	0.29	High	91	118	2533	41
Murakami 2	2012	ŷ = 3347 + 7.57 x – 0.025^* x²	0.82	0.50	0.47	Very High	86	149	3911	99
Santana	2011	ŷ = 5372 + 3.01 x – 0.005 x²	0.27	0.61	0.56	Very High	93	289	5807	45
Campo Bonito	2011	ŷ = 5613 + 5.02 x – 0.013^* x²	0.69	0.70	0.62	Very High	92	193	6098	96
Pinhão 2	2012	ŷ = 2730 + 4.71 x – 0.013^* x²	0.86	0.71	0.64	Very High	86	188	3173	87

Interpretation class	Soil-test K	Crop⁽¹⁾

		Soybean	Corn	Wheat	Barley
	cmol_c dm^-3	-----------------------------------------kg ha^-1-----------------------------------------
Low	< 0.12	195	200	135	140
Medium	0.12-0.23	135	140	75	80
High	0.24-0.46	80 (R)⁽²⁾	85 (R)	20 (R)	25 (R)
Very high	> 0.46	<80 (R)	<85 (R)	20 (R)	25 (R)

Interpretation class	Soil-test K	Crop sequence

		1^st crop		2^nd crop		3^rd crop		4^th crop

		Wheat/ Barley	Cover crop	Soybean	Corn	Wheat/ Barley	Cover crop	Soybean	Corn
	cmol_c dm^-3	--------------------------------------------------kg ha^-1---------------------------------------------------
Low	< 0.12	115+RW⁽¹⁾	115	RS	RC	RW+RS	–	–	RC
Medium	0.12-0.23	55+RW	55	RS	RC	RW+RS	–	–	RC
High	0.24-0.46	RW+RS	–	–	RC	RW+RS	–	–	RC
Very high	> 0.46	RW+RS	–	–	RC	RW+RS	–	–	RC

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[1] * Corresponding author: E-mail: cimelio.bayer@ufrgs.br