Hourly, Daily, and Monthly Soil Temperature Fluctuations in a Drought Tolerant Crop

Farias, Polianna dos Santos de; Souza, Luciano da Silva; Paiva, Arlicélio de Queiroz; Oliveira, Áureo Silva de; Souza, Laércio Duarte; Ledo, Carlos Alberto da Silva

doi:10.1590/18069657rbcs20170221

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Division - Soil Processes and Properties • Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 42 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/18069657rbcs20170221 copy

Hourly, Daily, and Monthly Soil Temperature Fluctuations in a Drought Tolerant Crop

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Soil temperature is a physical property of great agricultural importance in the soil-plant relationship and in energy exchange with the atmosphere. This study was conducted in a degraded Cambissolo Háplico Ta Eutrófíco (Cambisol; Inceptisol) in the Irecê Identity Territory, Bahia, Brazil, aiming to evaluate the hourly, daily, and monthly fluctuations of soil temperature at depth, and soil thermal diffusivity in the castor bean crop. Hourly soil temperature data from February 4, 2014, to September 30, 2015, were obtained by using thermocouple sensors (copper-constantan) horizontally installed at 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 m depths. Soil thermal diffusivity was estimated by phase and amplitude methods. Results showed that, for most days, the soil temperature was at the level recommended for castor bean. The maximum and minimum hourly and daily soil temperatures were observed in October and July, respectively, and the maximum soil temperature values occurred at 4 p.m. (0.05 m), 5 p.m. (0.10 m), and 7 p.m. (0.20 m). Soil temperature variability is low, requiring few measurement points to estimate this factor in an area. The amplitude method led to soil thermal diffusivity values compatible with results in the literature. The absence of a relationship between thermal diffusivity and soil moisture was attributed to the clay-loam soil texture, predominance of micropores, and iron oxides allowing greater approximation to the soil particles, with high thermal diffusivity even under low soil moisture conditions.

Keywords
semiarid region; Cambisol; Inceptisol; soil thermal diffusivity; soil temperature variability

Depth	VCS	CS	MS	FS	VFS	TS	Silt	Clay	Textural class	BD	Mp	mp	TP
m	--------------------------------------------------------------g kg⁻¹-----------------------------------------------------------									Mg m⁻³	----------------------------------------- m³ m⁻³ ----------------------------------------
0.00-0.10	25	43	41	69	59	237	423	340	Clay-loam	1.23	0.1783	0.3417	0.5200
0.10-0.20	27	42	40	66	58	233	410	357	Clay-loam	1.36	0.1283	0.3433	0.4716
0.20-0.40	29	43	40	60	52	224	434	342	Clay-loam	1.36	0.1617	0.3217	0.4834

Hourly data		Daily data
Source of Variation	F	Source of Variation	F
Month	1,804.27^ * and **** significant at p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively.	Month	8,215.58^ * and **** significant at p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively.
Hour	1,149.42^ * and **** significant at p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively.	Day	136.31^ * and **** significant at p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively.
Month X Hour	1.83^ * and **** significant at p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively.	Month X Day	164.77^ * and **** significant at p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively.
Depth	4.48^* * and ** significant at p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively.	Depth	34.60^ * and **** significant at p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively.
Month X Depth	5.31^ * and **** significant at p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively.	Month X Depth	21.59^ * and **** significant at p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively.
Hour X Depth	211.05^ * and **** significant at p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively.	Day X Depth	1.81^ * and **** significant at p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively.
CV (%)	4.0	CV (%)	2.1

Hourly data					Daily data
Depth	Mean	CV	Amplitude	Shapiro-Wilk	Mean	CV	Amplitude	Shapiro-Wilk
m	°C	%	°C	p	°C	%	°C	p
				January
0.05	29.03 aC⁽¹⁾ (1) Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column, within each month, do not differ by the Tukey test (p<0.05), and those followed by the same capital letter in the column, for the same depth, do not differ by the Scott-Knott test (p <0.05).	12.4	21.98	0.929^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	29.03 aC	4.5	9.40	0.960^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.10	28.98 aC	8.4	11.86	0.960^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	28.98 aC	3.6	6.88	0.955^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.20	28.93 aB	3.8	4.67	0.963^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	28.93 aB	2.7	4.59	0.957^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
				February
0.05	27.92 bE	11.0	14.87	0.968^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	28.09 bE	5.5	9.08	0.987^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.10	28.00 abE	7.6	8.59	0.961^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	28.10 abE	4.9	6.00	0.976^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.20	28.11 aD	3.3	3.82	0.970^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	28.19 aD	4.0	4.53	0.967^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
				March
0.05	28.74 aD	11.9	15.92	0.957^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	28.77 aD	4.6	7.25	0.975^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.10	28.70 abD	8.4	9.84	0.954^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	28.70 abD	4.0	5.22	0.966^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.20	28.64 bC	3.9	4.80	0.969^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	28.64 bC	3.4	4.03	0.964^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
				April
0.05	27.84 bG	10.3	12.98	0.967^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	27.84 bG	7.7	8.87	0.958^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.10	27.78 bG	7.2	7.89	0.967^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	27.79 bG	6.9	7.99	0.956^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.20	27.99 aE	3.4	3.79	0.975^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	27.99 aE	5.5	6.65	0.975^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
				May
0.05	25.38 aI	10.3	11.85	0.970^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	25.45 aI	4.4	5.93	0.997ns
0.10	25.36 bJ	7.4	8.20	0.970^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	25.32 bJ	3.9	6.01	0.997ns
0.20	25.58 aH	3.6	3.97	0.985^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	25.55 aH	3.1	3.85	0.993ns
				June
0.05	25.37 abI	10.7	12.58	0.965^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	25.43 abI	3.3	5.39	0.993ns
0.10	25.35 bJ	7.7	9.56	0.964^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	25.35 bJ	3.0	4.56	0.989^* * and ** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.20	25.45 aI	3.6	4.34	0.988^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	25.45 aI	2.4	3.57	0.994ns
				July
0.05	25.32 aI	11.3	14.58	0.963^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	25.32 aI	2.8	4.47	0.988^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.10	25.23 bK	7.6	8.60	0.964^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	25.23 bK	2.5	3.87	0.963^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.20	25.27 abJ	3.5	3.83	0.981^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	25.27 abJ	1.9	2.92	0.968^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
				August
0.05	26.53 aH	13.4	19.41	0.953^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	26.53 aH	5.6	9.77	0.976^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.10	26.37 bI	8.9	10.21	0.959^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	26.37 bI	4.8	6.03	0.966^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.20	26.21 cG	4.0	4.74	0.975^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	26.25 cG	4.0	4.83	0.954^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
				September
0.05	29.62 aB	14.4	24.38	0.933^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	29.62 aB	4.7	8.57	0.988^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.10	29.32 bB	8.9	12.44	0.962^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	29.32 bB	3.5	5.51	0.973^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.20	28.91 cB	3.9	5.23	0.968^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	28.91 cB	2.9	4.45	0.977^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
				October
0.05	30.10 aA	12.9	18.10	0.957^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	30.10 aA	12.9	18.10	0.957^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.10	29.86 bA	8.2	10.51	0.965^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	29.86 bA	4.7	7.35	0.987^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.20	29.61 cA	3.5	4.57	0.974^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	29.61 cA	3.6	4.76	0.970^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
				November
0.05	27.96 aF	11.9	14.11	0.967^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	27.96 aF	9.3	11.19	0.968^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.10	27.95 aF	8.6	9.53	0.960^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	27.95 aF	8.7	10.02	0.963^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.20	28.03 aE	3.7	3.91	0.958^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	28.03 aE	7.3	8.18	0.956^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
				December
0.05	26.61 bH	11.0	13.31	0.968^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	26.61 bH	6.5	7.65	0.956^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.10	26.66 bH	7.9	8.62	0.964^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	26.66 bH	6.0	6.35	0.946^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.
0.20	26.84 aF	3.4	3.74	0.973^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.	26.84 aF	5.1	5.19	0.941^ * and **** = significant at 5 % and at 1 %, i.e., non-normal distribution; and ns = not significant, i.e., normal distribution.

Depth
0.05 m		0.10 m		0.20 m
Hour	Soil temperature⁽¹⁾ (1) Means followed by the same letter in the column, for the same depth, do not differ by the Scott-Knott test (p<0.05).	Hour	Soil temperature⁽¹⁾ (1) Means followed by the same letter in the column, for the same depth, do not differ by the Scott-Knott test (p<0.05).	Hour	Soil temperature⁽¹⁾ (1) Means followed by the same letter in the column, for the same depth, do not differ by the Scott-Knott test (p<0.05).
	°C		°C		°C
4 p.m.	32.2 a	17	30.8 a	19	28.8 a
3 p.m.	32.0 a	18	30.7 b	18	28.8 b
5 p.m.	31.8 a	16	30.6 b	20	28.8 b
2 p.m.	31.4 b	19	30.1 c	21	28.6 c
6 p.m.	31.1 c	15	30.0 c	17	28.5 d
1 p.m.	30.4 d	20	29.4 d	22	28.5 d
7 p.m.	30.0 e	14	29.2 e	23	28.3 e
12 a.m.	29.0 f	21	28.8 f	0	28.1 f
8 p.m.	29.0 f	22	28.2 g	16	28.0 f
9 p.m.	28.1 g	13	28.2 g	1	27.8 g
11 a.m.	27.5 h	23	27.7 h	2	27.6 h
10 p.m.	27.4 h	0	27.2 i	3	27.4 i
11 p.m.	26.8 i	12	27.1 i	15	27.4 i
12 p.m.	26.3 j	1	26.8 j	4	27.2 j
10 a.m.	26.0 k	2	26.4 k	5	27.0 k
1 a.m.	25.8 k	11	26.1 l	14	26.9 l
2 a.m.	25.4 l	3	26.0 l	6	26.8 m
3 a.m.	25.0 m	4	25.7 m	7	26.6 n
9 a.m.	24.7 n	5	25.4 n	13	26.6 n
4 a.m.	24.6 n	10	25.3 n	8	26.4 o
5 a.m.	24.3 o	6	25.1 o	12	26.3 o
8 a.m.	23.9 p	9	24.8 p	9	26.3 p
6 a.m.	23.9 p	7	24.8 p	11	26.2 p
7 a.m.	23.7 p	8	24.7 q	10	26.2 p

Month	Depth
	0.05 m		0.10 m		0.20 m
	Equation	R²	Equation	R²	Equation	R²
January	ŷ = 0.829 x + 6.471	0.718^ * and **** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.554 x + 10.988	0.506^* * and ** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.326 x + 16.820	0.245 ns
February	ŷ = 0.590 x + 13.140	0.757^ * and **** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.276 x + 18.730	0.354 ns	ŷ = 0.049 x + 24.470	0.027 ns
March	ŷ = 0.450 x + 18.980	0.641^ * and **** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.237 x + 21.990	0.362^* * and ** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.009 x + 27.862	0.002 ns
April	ŷ = 0.719 x + 10.120	0.738^ * and **** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.457 x+ 16.810	0.466^* * and ** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.121 x+ 25.480	0.081 ns
May	ŷ = 0.639 x + 11.540	0.725^ * and **** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.3500 x + 16.630	0.390 ns	ŷ = 0.058 x + 23.770	0.021 ns
June	ŷ = 0.530 x + 13.820	0.697^ * and **** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.246 x + 18.000	0.334 ns	ŷ = 0.021 x + 23.160	0.007 ns
July	ŷ = 0.531 x + 13.720	0.699^ * and **** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.230 x + 18.150	0.311 ns	ŷ = 0.003 x + 23.170	0.000 ns
August	ŷ = 0.615 x + 12.780	0.754^ * and **** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.302 x + 17.380	0.395^* * and ** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.067 x + 22.535	0.047 ns
September	ŷ = 0.615 x + 14.570	0.819^ * and **** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.270 x + 20.420	0.419^* * and ** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.020 x + 26.380	0.008 ns
October	ŷ = 0.675 x + 14.110	0.831^ * and **** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.295 x + 21.060	0.451^* * and ** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.027 x + 27.770	0.014 ns
November	ŷ = 0.736 x + 12.030	0.760^ * and **** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.349 x + 19.840	0.423^* * and ** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.055 x + 27.770	0.032 ns
December	ŷ = 0.660 x + 13.785	0.803^ * and **** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.332 x + 20.070	0.495^* * and ** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.038 x + 28.120	0.026 ns
Every month	ŷ = 0.735 x + 10.422	0.736^ * and **** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.452 x + 15.150	0.469^* * and ** significant at 5 and 1 %, respectively.	ŷ = 0.227 x + 20.703	0.182 ns

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[1] *Corresponding author: E-mail: poliannafarias@yahoo.com.br