Microclimate and development of 'Conilon' coffee intercropped with rubber
               trees

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of intercropping 'Conilon' coffee (Coffea canephora) with rubber trees on coffee tree microclimate, nutrition, growth, and yield. Rubber trees were planted in two double rows 33 m apart, with 4x2.3 m spacing between plants. Treatments consisted of the distances from the coffee plants to the rubber trees: 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 m. Measurements of atmospheric variables (temperature, irradiance, and relative humidity), leaf nutrient concentration, internode length of plagiotropic and orthotropic branches, individual leaf area, chlorophyll content, and yield were performed. Intercropping promotes changes in the microclimatic conditions of coffee plants close to rubber trees, with reduction of temperature and irradiance level and increase in air relative humidity. The proximity of the coffee tree to the rubber trees promotes the elongation of the plagiotropic and orthotropic branches and increases the individual leaf area; however, it does not affect leaf concentrations of N, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, and B in 'Conilon' coffee and does not have a negative impact on yield.

Coffea canéfora; Hevea brasiliensis; irradiance; monoculture; shading

Authorship

Fábio Luiz Partelli

Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Rodovia BR 101 Norte, Km 60, Bairro Litorâneo, CEP 29932-540 São Mateus, ES, Brazil. E-mail: partelli@yahoo.com.br, andre_vasconcellos@hotmail.com, ltmenezes@gmail.com.Universidade Federal do Espírito SantoBrazilSão Mateus, ES, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Rodovia BR 101 Norte, Km 60, Bairro Litorâneo, CEP 29932-540 São Mateus, ES, Brazil. E-mail: partelli@yahoo.com.br, andre_vasconcellos@hotmail.com, ltmenezes@gmail.com.

André Vasconcellos Araújo

Henrique Duarte Vieira

Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Laboratório de Fitotecnia, Avenida Alberto Lamego, no 2.000, CEP 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil. E-mail: henrique@uenf.br.Universidade Estadual do Norte FluminenseBrazilCampos dos Goytacazes, RJ, BrazilUniversidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Laboratório de Fitotecnia, Avenida Alberto Lamego, no 2.000, CEP 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil. E-mail: henrique@uenf.br.

Jairo Rafael Machado Dias

Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Departamento de Agronomia, Avenida Norte Sul, no 7.300, Bairro Nova Morada, CEP 76940-000 Rolim de Moura, RO, Brazil. E-mail: jairorafaelmdias@hotmail.com.Universidade Federal de RondôniaBrazilRolim de Moura, RO, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Rondônia, Departamento de Agronomia, Avenida Norte Sul, no 7.300, Bairro Nova Morada, CEP 76940-000 Rolim de Moura, RO, Brazil. E-mail: jairorafaelmdias@hotmail.com.

Luis Fernando Tavares de Menezes

José Cochicho Ramalho

Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Centro de Ambiente, Agricultura e Desenvolvimento, Avenida República, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal. E-mail: cochichor@iict.pt Instituto de Investigação Científica TropicalPortugalOeiras, PortugalInstituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Centro de Ambiente, Agricultura e Desenvolvimento, Avenida República, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal. E-mail: cochichor@iict.pt

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (3)
Tables (2)

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Figure 1:
Daily irradiance values in 'Conilon' coffee (Coffea canephora) intercropped with rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) in summer on the northern (A) and southern (B) sides of the coffee tree rows and in winter on the northern (C) and southern (D) sides. T1, coffee row at 3 m; T2, coffee row at 6 m; T3, coffee row at 9 m; T4, coffee row at 12 m; and T5, coffee row at 15 m from the rubber trees. Each value represents the mean (n=3).

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Figure 2:
Daily mean temperature values in 'Conilon' coffee (Coffea canephora) intercropped with rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) in summer on the northern (A) and southern (B) sides of the coffee tree rows and in winter on the northern (C) and southern (D) sides. T1, coffee row at 3 m; T2, coffee row at 6 m; T3, coffee row at 9 m; T4, coffee row at 12 m; and T5, coffee row at 15 m from the rubber trees. Each value represents the mean (n=3).

Thumbnail

Figure 3:
Daily mean relative humidity values in 'Conilon' coffee (Coffea canephora) intercropped with rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) in summer on the northern (A) and southern (B) sides of the coffee tree rows and in winter on the northern (C) and southern (D) sides. T1, coffee row at 3 m; T2, coffee row at 6 m; T3, coffee row at 9 m; T4, coffee row at 12 m; and T5, coffee row at 15 m from the rubber trees. Each value represents the mean (n=3).

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Table 1:
Internode length of the plagiotropic and orthotropic branches, individual leaf area (ILA), average amount of chlorophyll (relative index of chlorophyll) in the leaves, and average yield (2012, 2013, and 2014) of 'Conilon' coffee (Coffea canephora) intercropped with rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) in the summer (S) and winter (W) of 2012⁽¹⁾.

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Table 2.
Mean concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S (g kg^-1) and of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and B (mg kg^-1) in leaves of 'Conilon' coffee (Coffea canephora) intercropped with rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) in the summer of 2012⁽¹⁾.

Figure 1: Daily irradiance values in 'Conilon' coffee (Coffea canephora) intercropped with rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) in summer on the northern (A) and southern (B) sides of the coffee tree rows and in winter on the northern (C) and southern (D) sides. T1, coffee row at 3 m; T2, coffee row at 6 m; T3, coffee row at 9 m; T4, coffee row at 12 m; and T5, coffee row at 15 m from the rubber trees. Each value represents the mean (n=3).

Figure 2: Daily mean temperature values in 'Conilon' coffee (Coffea canephora) intercropped with rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) in summer on the northern (A) and southern (B) sides of the coffee tree rows and in winter on the northern (C) and southern (D) sides. T1, coffee row at 3 m; T2, coffee row at 6 m; T3, coffee row at 9 m; T4, coffee row at 12 m; and T5, coffee row at 15 m from the rubber trees. Each value represents the mean (n=3).

Figure 3: Daily mean relative humidity values in 'Conilon' coffee (Coffea canephora) intercropped with rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) in summer on the northern (A) and southern (B) sides of the coffee tree rows and in winter on the northern (C) and southern (D) sides. T1, coffee row at 3 m; T2, coffee row at 6 m; T3, coffee row at 9 m; T4, coffee row at 12 m; and T5, coffee row at 15 m from the rubber trees. Each value represents the mean (n=3).

Table 1: Internode length of the plagiotropic and orthotropic branches, individual leaf area (ILA), average amount of chlorophyll (relative index of chlorophyll) in the leaves, and average yield (2012, 2013, and 2014) of 'Conilon' coffee (Coffea canephora) intercropped with rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) in the summer (S) and winter (W) of 2012⁽¹⁾.

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, in the columns, do not differ by Tukey's test, at 5% probability. T1, coffee row at 3 m; T2, coffee row at 6 m; T3, coffee row at 9 m; T4, coffee row at 12 m; and T5, coffee row at 15 m from the rubber trees. PBWF, plagiotropic branches with fruits; TPPB, tip of the productive plagiotropic branches; YPB, young plagiotropic branches; and OB, orthotropic branches.

Table 2. Mean concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S (g kg^-1) and of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and B (mg kg^-1) in leaves of 'Conilon' coffee (Coffea canephora) intercropped with rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) in the summer of 2012⁽¹⁾.

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, in the columns, do not differ by Tukey's test, at 5% probability. T1, coffee row at 3 m; T2, coffee row at 6 m; T3, coffee row at 9 m; T4, coffee row at 12 m; and T5, coffee row at 15 m from the rubber trees.

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Microclimate and development of 'Conilon' coffee intercropped with rubber trees

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[TFN01] ⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, in the columns, do not differ by Tukey's test, at 5% probability. T1, coffee row at 3 m; T2, coffee row at 6 m; T3, coffee row at 9 m; T4, coffee row at 12 m; and T5, coffee row at 15 m from the rubber trees. PBWF, plagiotropic branches with fruits; TPPB, tip of the productive plagiotropic branches; YPB, young plagiotropic branches; and OB, orthotropic branches.