Leaf application of silicon in young cacao plants subjected to water deficit

The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological and anatomical traits of plants of a cacao (Theobroma cacao) clone in response to water deficit after leaf application of silicon. A randomized complete block design was used, with four replicates, in a 2x3 factorial arrangement of two water regimes (irrigated or nonirrigated) and three silicon concentrations (0.0, 1.5, and 3.0 mg mL^-1) applied in wettable SiO₂ powder. The plants were evaluated 20 days after the irrigation regimes were applied. The use of SiO₂ increased the stability of cell membranes and the photochemical efficiency of the plants under water deficit. The 1.5 mg mL^-1 concentration of SiO₂ increased photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, and carboxylation efficiency, besides mitigating the effect of oxidative stress. Stomatal density was reduced in nonirrigated plants under the highest concentration of Si. The 1.5 mg mL^-1 concentration of Si is considered optimal for the photosynthetic metabolism of young cacao plants under soil water limitation.

Index terms:
Theobroma cacao; anatomy; antioxidant enzymes; drought; photochemistry; SiO₂

Authorship

Leonardo Valandro Zanetti

Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Fernando Ferrari, no 514, Prédio Bárbara Weinberg, Campus Goiabeiras, CEP 29075-910 Vitória, ES, Brazil. E-mail: valandroleo@gmail.com, camilla.milanez@gmail.com, vinicius_novo@hotmail.comUniversidade Federal do Espírito SantoBrazilVitória, ES, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Fernando Ferrari, no 514, Prédio Bárbara Weinberg, Campus Goiabeiras, CEP 29075-910 Vitória, ES, Brazil. E-mail: valandroleo@gmail.com, camilla.milanez@gmail.com, vinicius_novo@hotmail.com

Camilla Rozindo Dias Milanez

Vinícius Novo Gama

Marco Antonio Galeas Aguilar

Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, Estação Experimental Filogônio Peixoto, Caixa Postal 102, CEP 29901-970 Linhares, ES, Brazil. E-mail: magaguilar@uol.com.br, spaggiari.ceplac@gmail.comCentro de Pesquisas do CacauBrazilLinhares, ES, BrazilCentro de Pesquisas do Cacau, Estação Experimental Filogônio Peixoto, Caixa Postal 102, CEP 29901-970 Linhares, ES, Brazil. E-mail: magaguilar@uol.com.br, spaggiari.ceplac@gmail.com

Carlos Alberto Spaggiari Souza

Eliemar Campostrini

Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Avenida Alberto Lamego, no 2.000, Parque Califórnia, CEP 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil. E-mail: campostenator@gmail.comUniversidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy RibeiroBrazilCampos dos Goytacazes, RJ, BrazilUniversidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Avenida Alberto Lamego, no 2.000, Parque Califórnia, CEP 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil. E-mail: campostenator@gmail.com

Tiago Massi Ferraz

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Centro de Estudos Superiores de Imperatriz, Departamento de Química e Biologia, Rua Godofredo Viana, no 1300, Centro, CEP 65900-000 Imperatriz, MA, Brazil. E-mail: ferraztm@gmail.com, figueiredo.uema@gmail.comUniversidade Estadual do MaranhãoBrazilImperatriz, MA, BrazilUniversidade Estadual do Maranhão, Centro de Estudos Superiores de Imperatriz, Departamento de Química e Biologia, Rua Godofredo Viana, no 1300, Centro, CEP 65900-000 Imperatriz, MA, Brazil. E-mail: ferraztm@gmail.com, figueiredo.uema@gmail.com

Fábio Afonso Mazzei Moura de Assis Figueiredo

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (1)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1:
Cross-sections of the leaf blades of cacao (Theobroma cacao) subjected to histochemical testing. Ruthenium red reagent was used to indicate the accumulation of mucilage in the epidermal cells (A) and in the secretory canals of the central vein (B), whereas Lugol's staining indicated the presence of starch grains (black color) in the irrigated (C) and in the nonirrigated plants (D). ME, mucilaginous epidermis; ST, stomata; VB, vascular bundle; PP, palisade parenchyma; SP, spongy parenchyma; and MC, mucilage canal. Scale bar = 100 μm.

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Table 1:
Effects of water supply and Si concentration on the thickness of the epidermis of the adaxial surface (AD), the palisade parenchyma (PP), the spongy parenchyma (SP), the epidermis of the abaxial surface (AB), and the leaf blade (LB), as well as relative water content (RWC), water potential (Ψ_w), Si content, photosynthetic pigments, and total phenolics in the leaves of cacao (Theobroma cacao)⁽¹⁾.

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Table 2:
Average density values of the active reaction centers of photosystem II (RC/ABS), the conformation term for the primary photochemistry, the conformation term for the reactions that are not dependent on light beyond the reduced quinone a, the conformation term for the reactions of the reduced intersystem of the final electron acceptor of photosystem I, and the performance index (potential) for energy conservation from an exciton until reduction of the final acceptor of PSI (PI_TOTAL) in the leaves of cacao (Theobroma cacao)⁽¹⁾.

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Table 3:
Effects of water supply and Si concentration on stomatal conductance (g_s), transpiration (E), and internal CO₂ concentration (Ci) in the leaves of cacao (Theobroma cacao)⁽¹⁾.

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Table 4:
Photosynthesis (A), intrinsic water use efficiency (A/g_s), instant carboxylation efficiency (A/C_i), catalase (CAT) activity, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, guaiacol peroxidase (POD) activity, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, and stomatal density of cacao (Theobroma cacao) leaves as affected by water supply and Si concentration⁽¹⁾.

Figure 1: Cross-sections of the leaf blades of cacao (Theobroma cacao) subjected to histochemical testing. Ruthenium red reagent was used to indicate the accumulation of mucilage in the epidermal cells (A) and in the secretory canals of the central vein (B), whereas Lugol's staining indicated the presence of starch grains (black color) in the irrigated (C) and in the nonirrigated plants (D). ME, mucilaginous epidermis; ST, stomata; VB, vascular bundle; PP, palisade parenchyma; SP, spongy parenchyma; and MC, mucilage canal. Scale bar = 100 μm.

Table 1: Effects of water supply and Si concentration on the thickness of the epidermis of the adaxial surface (AD), the palisade parenchyma (PP), the spongy parenchyma (SP), the epidermis of the abaxial surface (AB), and the leaf blade (LB), as well as relative water content (RWC), water potential (Ψ_w), Si content, photosynthetic pigments, and total phenolics in the leaves of cacao (Theobroma cacao)⁽¹⁾.

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, in the columns, do not differ significantly by Tukey's test, at 5% probability
^ns
Nonsignificant
⁽²⁾
μg gallic acid per g fresh weight

Table 2: Average density values of the active reaction centers of photosystem II (RC/ABS), the conformation term for the primary photochemistry, the conformation term for the reactions that are not dependent on light beyond the reduced quinone a, the conformation term for the reactions of the reduced intersystem of the final electron acceptor of photosystem I, and the performance index (potential) for energy conservation from an exciton until reduction of the final acceptor of PSI (PI_TOTAL) in the leaves of cacao (Theobroma cacao)⁽¹⁾.

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, lowercase between water supply treatments and uppercase between Si concentration treatments, do not differ by Tukey's test, at 5% probability
^ns
Nonsignificant

Table 3: Effects of water supply and Si concentration on stomatal conductance (g_s), transpiration (E), and internal CO₂ concentration (Ci) in the leaves of cacao (Theobroma cacao)⁽¹⁾.

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, in the columns, do not differ significantly by Tukey's test, at 5% probability
^ns
Nonsignificant

Table 4: Photosynthesis (A), intrinsic water use efficiency (A/g_s), instant carboxylation efficiency (A/C_i), catalase (CAT) activity, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, guaiacol peroxidase (POD) activity, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, and stomatal density of cacao (Theobroma cacao) leaves as affected by water supply and Si concentration⁽¹⁾.

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, lowercase between water supply treatments and uppercase between Si concentration treatments, do not differ by Tukey's test, at 5% probability
^ns
Nonsignificant

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Leaf application of silicon in young cacao plants subjected to water deficit

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[TFN1] ⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, in the columns, do not differ significantly by Tukey's test, at 5% probability

[TFN2] ^ns
Nonsignificant

[TFN3] ⁽²⁾
μg gallic acid per g fresh weight