Thermal time in sprinkler-irrigated lowland rice

The objective of this work was to evaluate methods of thermal time calculation and the duration of the development stages of lowland rice (Oryza sativa) irrigated by sprinkling. The experiment was conducted during three growing seasons (2010/2011, 2011/2012, and 2014/2015), with five irrigation water depths, six cultivars, and four replicates. Six methods of thermal time calculation were tested: two using the minimum basal temperature; two using the minimum and optimum temperatures; and two using the minimum, optimum, and maximum basal temperatures. For the thermal time calculation, the crop development cycle was divided into the vegetative, reproductive, and grain-filling phases. The methods that used the three cardinal temperatures showed the lowest coefficients of variation for most of the developmental phases. Both irrigation water depths and rice cultivars affected the thermal time of the development stages. The greater the water availability, the lower the duration of the development cycle. Thermal time values depend on the calculation method.

Index terms:
Oryza sativa; degree-day; irrigation water depth; phenology; water availability.

Authorship

Alex Cristiano Bartz

Universidade Federal do Pampa, Rua Luiz Joaquim de Sá Britto, s/no, Promorar, CEP 97650-000 Itaqui, RS, Brazil. E-mail: alex_bartz@hotmail.com, martina.m49@hotmail.com, cleberalb@gmail.com, geteralves@yahoo.com.br, robsongiacomeli@yahoo.com.brUniversidade Federal do PampaBrazilItaqui, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Pampa, Rua Luiz Joaquim de Sá Britto, s/no, Promorar, CEP 97650-000 Itaqui, RS, Brazil. E-mail: alex_bartz@hotmail.com, martina.m49@hotmail.com, cleberalb@gmail.com, geteralves@yahoo.com.br, robsongiacomeli@yahoo.com.br

Martina Muttoni

Cleber Maus Alberto

Nereu Augusto Streck

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, no 1.000, Camobi, CEP 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: nstreck2@yahoo.com.brUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaBrazilSanta Maria, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, no 1.000, Camobi, CEP 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: nstreck2@yahoo.com.br

Geter Alves Machado

Robson Giacomeli

Diogo Balbé Helgueira

Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, s/no, CEP 96010-610 Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil. E-mail: diogobalbe@gmail.com, diogodasilvamoura@yahoo.com.brUniversidade Federal de PelotasBrazilCapão do Leão, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, s/no, CEP 96010-610 Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil. E-mail: diogobalbe@gmail.com, diogodasilvamoura@yahoo.com.br

Diogo da Silva Moura

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (4)
Tables (2)

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Figure 1.
Rainfall and irrigation for 100% water depth of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc), during the developmental cycle of sprinkler-irrigated lowland rice in three growing seasons: A, 2010/2011; B, 2011/2012; and C, 2014/2015. Dashed lines correspond to the average dates of occurrence of panicle differentiation (R1), anthesis (R4), and physiological maturity (R9) for lowland rice cultivars using a water depth of 100% ETc.

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Figure 2.
Air temperature (A) and relative air humidity (B) during the vegetative (EM-R1), reproductive (R1-R4), and grain-filling (R4-R9) development phases, and during the total developmental cycle (EM-R9) of lowland rice (Oryza sativa) in the 2010/2011, 2011/2012, and 2014/2015 growing seasons, in the municipality of Itaqui, RS, Brazil. Bars represent the standard deviation of the mean.

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Figure 3:
Accumulated thermal time (TTa) during the vegetative (EM-R1), reproductive (R1-R4), and grain-filling (R4-R9) developmental phases of lowland rice (Oryza sativa) irrigated by sprinkling water depths of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc), calculated by six methods: A, 1.1; B, 1.2; C, 2.1; D, 2.2; E, 3.1; and F, 3.2. Data are from three growing seasons: 1, 2010/2011; 2, 2011/2012; and 3, 2014/2015. Means with lowercase letters compare values of each method, for each developmental phase, for the different irrigation water depths used during the 2014/2015 growing season. Means with equal letters do not differ from each other by the Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.

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Figure 4:
Accumulated thermal time (TTa) during the vegetative (EM-R1), reproductive (R1-R4), and grain-filling (R4-R9) developmental phases of lowland rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars. The medium-cycle cultivars (CCM) IRGA 428 and IRGA 417, long-cycle cultivars (CCL) IRGA 429 and IRGA 424, and hybrid cultivars (HIB) XP 102 CL and Inov CL were irrigated by sprinkler, and the means were calculated by using six methods: A, 1.1; B, 1.2; C, 2.1; D, 2.2; E, 3.1; and F, 3.2. Data are from three growing seasons: 1, 2010/2011; 2, 2011/2012; and 3, 2014/2015. Means with lowercase letters compare values of each method, for each developmental phase, for the cultivars evaluated during the 2014/2015 growing season. Means with equal letters do not differ from each other by the Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.

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Table 1.
Cardinal temperatures estimated by different authors for different developmental phases of lowland rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars.⁽¹ ⁾

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Table 2
Coefficients of variation for the accumulated thermal time (TTa, °C day) during the vegetative (EM-R1), reproductive (R1-R4), and grain-filling (R4-R9) developmental phases, and total developmental cycle (EM-R9) of sprinkler-irrigated lowland rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars with different water depths and methods (1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, and 3.2) for TTa calculation.

Figure 1. Rainfall and irrigation for 100% water depth of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc), during the developmental cycle of sprinkler-irrigated lowland rice in three growing seasons: A, 2010/2011; B, 2011/2012; and C, 2014/2015. Dashed lines correspond to the average dates of occurrence of panicle differentiation (R1), anthesis (R4), and physiological maturity (R9) for lowland rice cultivars using a water depth of 100% ETc.

Figure 2. Air temperature (A) and relative air humidity (B) during the vegetative (EM-R1), reproductive (R1-R4), and grain-filling (R4-R9) development phases, and during the total developmental cycle (EM-R9) of lowland rice (Oryza sativa) in the 2010/2011, 2011/2012, and 2014/2015 growing seasons, in the municipality of Itaqui, RS, Brazil. Bars represent the standard deviation of the mean.

Figure 3: Accumulated thermal time (TTa) during the vegetative (EM-R1), reproductive (R1-R4), and grain-filling (R4-R9) developmental phases of lowland rice (Oryza sativa) irrigated by sprinkling water depths of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc), calculated by six methods: A, 1.1; B, 1.2; C, 2.1; D, 2.2; E, 3.1; and F, 3.2. Data are from three growing seasons: 1, 2010/2011; 2, 2011/2012; and 3, 2014/2015. Means with lowercase letters compare values of each method, for each developmental phase, for the different irrigation water depths used during the 2014/2015 growing season. Means with equal letters do not differ from each other by the Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.

Figure 4: Accumulated thermal time (TTa) during the vegetative (EM-R1), reproductive (R1-R4), and grain-filling (R4-R9) developmental phases of lowland rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars. The medium-cycle cultivars (CCM) IRGA 428 and IRGA 417, long-cycle cultivars (CCL) IRGA 429 and IRGA 424, and hybrid cultivars (HIB) XP 102 CL and Inov CL were irrigated by sprinkler, and the means were calculated by using six methods: A, 1.1; B, 1.2; C, 2.1; D, 2.2; E, 3.1; and F, 3.2. Data are from three growing seasons: 1, 2010/2011; 2, 2011/2012; and 3, 2014/2015. Means with lowercase letters compare values of each method, for each developmental phase, for the cultivars evaluated during the 2014/2015 growing season. Means with equal letters do not differ from each other by the Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.

Table 1. Cardinal temperatures estimated by different authors for different developmental phases of lowland rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars.⁽¹ ⁾

Cultivar	Cardinal temperature (ºC)
Cultivar	Tb	Topt	TB
	Vegetative phase (EM-R1)
Inov CL and XP102 CL	8.0⁽²⁾	28⁽³⁾	40⁽⁵⁾
IRGA 417, IRGA 424, IRGA 428, and IRGA 429	9.3⁽²⁾	28⁽³⁾	40⁽⁵⁾
	Reproductive phase (R1-R4)
Inov CL, XP102 CL, IRGA 417, IRGA 424, IRGA 428, and IRGA 429	15^(3,4)	25⁽⁶⁾	35^(6,7)
	Grain-filling phase (R4-R9)
Inov CL, XP102 CL, IRGA 417, IRGA 424, IRGA 428, and IRGA 429	15^(3,4)	23⁽⁷⁾	35^(6,7)

⁽¹⁾Cardinal temperatures: Tb, lower basal; Topt optimum; and TB, upper basal. ⁽²⁾Lago et al. (2009)LAGO, I.; STRECK, N.A.; CARVALHO, M.P.; FAGUNDES, L.K.; PAULA, G.M. de; LOPES, S.J. Estimativa da temperatura base do subperíodo emergência - diferenciação da panícula em arroz cultivado e arroz vermelho. Revista Ceres, v.56, p.288-295, 2009.. ⁽³⁾Steinmetz (2004)STEINMETZ, S. Influência do clima na cultura do arroz irrigado no Rio Grande do Sul. In: GOMES, A. da S.; MAGALHÃES JÚNIOR, A.M. de (Ed.). Arroz irrigado no Sul do Brasil. Pelotas: Embrapa Clima Temperado; Brasília: Embrapa Informação Tecnológica, 2004. p.45-74.. ⁽⁴⁾Buriol et al. (1991)BURIOL, G.A.; SCHNEIDER, F.M.; ESTEFANEL, V.; HOFFMANN, A. Ocorrência e duração das temperaturas mínimas diária do ar prejudiciais à fecundação das flores do arroz em Santa Maria, RS. 1 - Probabilidades de ocorrência. Ciência Rural, v.21, p.23-34, 1991. DOI: 10.1590/S0103-84781991000100003.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-8478199100... . ⁽⁵⁾Gao et al. (1992)GAO, L.; JIN, Z.; HUANG, Y.; ZHANG, L. Rice clock model - a computer model to simulate rice development. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v.60, p.1-16, 1992. DOI: 10.1016/0168-1923(92)90071-B.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(92)900... . ⁽⁶⁾Pedro Júnior et al. (1995)PEDRO JÚNIOR, M.J.; SENTELHAS, P.C.; MORAES, A.V.C.; VILLELA, O.V. Estimativa da produtividade de arroz irrigado por inundação em função da temperatura do ar e da radiação solar. Scientia Agricola, v.52, p.96-100, 1995. DOI: 10.1590/S0103-90161995000100017.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-9016199500... . ⁽⁷⁾Venkataraman et al. (2007)VENKATARAMAN, S.; STEINMETZ, S.; CRUZ, R.T.; DAS, H.P. Agrometeorology and rice production. In: GUIDE to agricultural meteorological practices. Genebra: World Meteorological Organization, 2007. Chapter 13f, 42p. Available at: <Available at: http://www.agrometeorology.org/files-folder/repository/gamp_chapt13F.pdf >. Accessed on: Apr. 29 2016.
http://www.agrometeorology.org/files-fol... . EM, emergence; R1, panicle differentiation; R4, anthesis; and R9, physiological maturity.

Table 2 Coefficients of variation for the accumulated thermal time (TTa, °C day) during the vegetative (EM-R1), reproductive (R1-R4), and grain-filling (R4-R9) developmental phases, and total developmental cycle (EM-R9) of sprinkler-irrigated lowland rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars with different water depths and methods (1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, and 3.2) for TTa calculation.

Water depth and cultivar⁽¹⁾	Coefficient of variation for the accumulated thermal time (%)
Water depth and cultivar⁽¹⁾	1.1	1.2	2.1	2.2	3.1	3.2
	EM-R1
0% of ETc	34.4	34.4	33.3	31.3	31.4	31.5
50% of ETc	29.3	29.3	28.5	26.6	27.2	27.3
100% of ETc	19.7	19.7	19.4	17.9	18.8	18.8
150% of ETc	14.5	14.5	14.6	13.9	14.9	14.9
	R1-R4
50% of ETc	88.9	88.9	87.1	87.1	87.3	86.6
100% of ETc	42.8	42.8	45.0	47.7	48.4	45.3
150% of ETc	27.0	27.0	28.8	31.4	31.6	28.6
	R4-R9
100% of ETc	42.0	41.5	26.3	35.0	2.7	9.4
150% of ETc	32.7	32.4	18.7	25.8	5.0	5.8
	EM-R9
100% of ETc	8.3	8.2	7.4	6.9	9.1	9.0
150% of ETc	3.4	3.4	5.0	4.8	8.9	7.8
	EM-R1
CCM⁽¹⁾	24.5	24.5	23.9	22.1	22.8	22.8
CCL⁽²⁾	22.6	22.6	21.8	20.1	20.7	20.7
HIB⁽³⁾	24.5	24.5	23.8	22.2	22.8	22.8
	R1-R4
CCM	11.9	11.9	16.8	17.8	25.0	20.2
CCL	11.9	12.1	17.4	18.7	26.0	21.5
HIB	20.9	21.0	26.0	26.8	33.9	29.8
	R4-R9
CCM	37.4	36.5	22.6	28.2	7.5	11.1
CCL	32.5	32.0	15.9	25.2	9.1	4.0
HIB	44.9	44.4	32.0	39.1	11.2	18.0
	EM-R9
CCM	16.7	16.6	13.2	12.8	10.9	12.2
CCL	14.8	14.7	11.3	11.5	9.9	10.6
HIB	15.4	15.3	13.2	12.7	12.5	13.3

⁽¹⁾Cultivars: CCM, medium cycle (IRGA 417 and IRGA 428). ⁽²⁾Cultivars: CCL, long cycle (IRGA 424 and IRGA 429). ⁽³⁾HIB, hybrids (Inov CL and XP 102 CL).

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Thermal time in sprinkler-irrigated lowland rice

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