Genetic diversity and structure of native maize races from Northwestern Mexico

The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic diversity of nine maize races (Zea mays ssp. mays) from Northwestern Mexico and one population of teosinte of the Balsas race (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis). A total of 649 alleles were identified, with an average of 20.9 alleles per locus using 31 microsatellite loci; 84.3% of them were polymorphic loci with a 0.49 expected heterozygosity. Graphic representation of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed broad variation and population distribution. The highest probabilistic value obtained with the ΔK criterion confirmed the existence of five population groups clustered by the Bayesian model. This grouping coincided with the population distribution observed in the PCoA graph. Maize races examined retain broad genetic diversity among and within the evaluated populations.

Index terms:
Zea mays; conservation strategies; landraces; microsatellites; plant breeding

Authorship

Isrrael Vega-Alvarez

Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Carretera México-Texcoco, Km 36.5, C. P. 56230 Texcoco, Estado de México, México. E-mail: isrrael.vega@colpos.mx, asvarela@colpos.mx, lcordova@colpos.mx, amunozo@colpos.mx, aureliohb@hotmail.comColegio de PostgraduadosMéxicoTexcoco, Estado de México, MéxicoColegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Carretera México-Texcoco, Km 36.5, C. P. 56230 Texcoco, Estado de México, México. E-mail: isrrael.vega@colpos.mx, asvarela@colpos.mx, lcordova@colpos.mx, amunozo@colpos.mx, aureliohb@hotmail.com

Amalio Santacruz-Varela

Mario Rocandio-Rodríguez

Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, División del Golfo 356, C.P. 87019 Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México. E-mail: mrocandio@docentes.uat.edu.mxUniversidad Autónoma de TamaulipasMexicoCiudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, MexicoUniversidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, División del Golfo 356, C.P. 87019 Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México. E-mail: mrocandio@docentes.uat.edu.mx

Leobigildo Córdova-Téllez

Higinio López-Sánchez

Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Puebla, Carretera México-Puebla, Km 125.5, C.P. 72760 Santiago Momoxpan, Puebla, México. E-mail: higiniols@colpos.mxColegio de PostgraduadosMéxicoSantiago Momoxpan, Puebla, MéxicoColegio de Postgraduados, Campus Puebla, Carretera México-Puebla, Km 125.5, C.P. 72760 Santiago Momoxpan, Puebla, México. E-mail: higiniols@colpos.mx

Abel Muñoz-Orozco

Aurelio Hernández-Bautista

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (4)
Tables (2)

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Figure 1.
Origin sites of the evaluated populations.

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Figure 2.
Relationships among 107 native maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) populations and one teosinte (Balsas) race (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) population based on principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) derived from the allelic profile of 31 SSR loci.

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Figure 3.
Five population groups of races from Northwestern Mexico (Group 1 = yellow; Group 2 = pink; Group 3 = blue; Group 4 = red; Group 5 = green), inferred by Structure analysis (Evanno et al., 2005EVANNO, G.; REGNAUT, S.; GOUDET, J. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Molecular Ecology, v.14, p.2611-2620, 2005. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005... ).

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Figure 4.
Phylogram of 107 native maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) populations from Northwestern Mexico and one teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) population, constructed with the neighbor-joining clustering method using Rogers’ modified genetic distances of 31 microsatellite loci.

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Table 1.
Parameters of genetic diversity of nine native maize races (Zea mays ssp. mays) and one teosinte race (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis), based on 31 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci.

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Table 2.
Wright’s F-statistics of nine native maize races (Zea mays ssp. mays) from Northwestern Mexico and one teosinte (Balsas) race (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis)⁽¹⁾.

Figure 1. Origin sites of the evaluated populations.

Figure 2. Relationships among 107 native maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) populations and one teosinte (Balsas) race (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) population based on principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) derived from the allelic profile of 31 SSR loci.

Figure 3. Five population groups of races from Northwestern Mexico (Group 1 = yellow; Group 2 = pink; Group 3 = blue; Group 4 = red; Group 5 = green), inferred by Structure analysis (Evanno et al., 2005EVANNO, G.; REGNAUT, S.; GOUDET, J. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Molecular Ecology, v.14, p.2611-2620, 2005. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005... ).

Figure 4. Phylogram of 107 native maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) populations from Northwestern Mexico and one teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) population, constructed with the neighbor-joining clustering method using Rogers’ modified genetic distances of 31 microsatellite loci.

Table 1. Parameters of genetic diversity of nine native maize races (Zea mays ssp. mays) and one teosinte race (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis), based on 31 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci.

Race	Number of populations	Number of alleles	Number of alleles per locus	Polymorphic loci (%)	He⁽¹⁾
Blandito	12	303	12.9	88.4	0.53
Chapalote	13	287	12.2	90.8	0.46
Dulcillo del Noroeste	13	265	11.1	63.5	0.42
Elotero de Sinaloa	4	278	9.0	80.6	0.48
Jala	6	225	9.5	77.4	0.47
Onaveño	11	303	11.9	82.7	0.54
Reventador	10	283	11.3	82.6	0.54
Tabloncillo	23	312	14.4	80.2	0.53
Vandeño	15	296	13.8	97.2	0.50
Balsas (teosinte)	1	164	5.2	100	0.43
Total	108	649	20.9	-	-
Mean	-	-	-	84.3	0.49

⁽¹⁾
He, Expected heterozygosity.

Table 2. Wright’s F-statistics of nine native maize races (Zea mays ssp. mays) from Northwestern Mexico and one teosinte (Balsas) race (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis)⁽¹⁾.

Race	F_IS	F_IT	F_ST
Blandito	0.148	0.369	0.260
Chapalote	0.179	0.433	0.310
Dulcillo del Noroeste	0.198	0.649	0.562
Elotero de Sinaloa	0.169	0.486	0.382
Jala	0.251	0.421	0.227
Onaveño	0.130	0.424	0.338
Reventador	0.107	0.418	0.348
Tabloncillo	0.158	0.463	0.362
Vandeño	0.196	0.329	0.166
Balsas	0.318	0.318	-
Average	0.185	0.431	0.328

⁽¹⁾
F_IS, Endogamy within populations; F_IT, Endogamy of the total population; F_ST, Coefficient of differentiation.

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Genetic diversity and structure of native maize races from Northwestern Mexico

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[TFN1] ⁽¹⁾
He, Expected heterozygosity.