Physiology and production of naturally-colored cotton under irrigation strategies using salinized water

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of irrigation management strategies, using low (0.8 dS m^-1) and high (9.0 dS m^-1) salinity water, on the physiological processes, production variables, and fiber productivity of naturally-colored cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) genotypes during different phenological stages. Three naturally-colored cotton cultivars (BRS Rubi, BRS Topázio, and BRS Safira) were subjected to seven irrigation management strategies, in a 3x7 factorial arrangement, in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Plants were cultivated in pots in a protected environment. Gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, fiber production, and productivity and yield variables were evaluated. Salt stress causes greater reductions in gas exchange in natural cotton plants during the production stage. Plume cotton production is not compromised by the use of highly salinized water during the initial developmental stages of naturally-colored cotton.

Index terms:
Gossypium hirsutum; fiber productivity; quantum yield; salinity

Authorship

Lauriane Almeida dos Anjos Soares

Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus Campina Grande, Rua Aprígio Veloso, no 882, Bairro Universitário, CEP 58429-900 Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. E-mail: laurispo.agronomia@gmail.com, pdantas@pq.cnpq.br, geovanisoareslima@gmail.com, ronaldon453@gmail.comUniversidade Federal de Campina GrandeBrazilCampina Grande, PB, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus Campina Grande, Rua Aprígio Veloso, no 882, Bairro Universitário, CEP 58429-900 Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. E-mail: laurispo.agronomia@gmail.com, pdantas@pq.cnpq.br, geovanisoareslima@gmail.com, ronaldon453@gmail.com

Pedro Dantas Fernandes

Geovani Soares de Lima

Marcos Eric Barbosa Brito

Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus do Sertão, Rodovia Engenheiro Jorge Neto, Km 3, s/no, CEP 49680-000 Nossa Senhora da Glória, SE, Brazil. E-mail: marcosericbb@yahoo.com.brUniversidade Federal de SergipeBrazilNossa Senhora da Glória, SE, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus do Sertão, Rodovia Engenheiro Jorge Neto, Km 3, s/no, CEP 49680-000 Nossa Senhora da Glória, SE, Brazil. E-mail: marcosericbb@yahoo.com.br

Ronaldo do Nascimento

Nair Helena Castro Arriel

Embrapa Algodão, Rua Osvaldo Cruz, no 1.143, Centenário, CEP 58428-095 Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. E-mail: nair.arriel@embrapa.brEmbrapa AlgodãoBrazilCampina Grande, PB, BrazilEmbrapa Algodão, Rua Osvaldo Cruz, no 1.143, Centenário, CEP 58428-095 Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. E-mail: nair.arriel@embrapa.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (3)
Tables (5)

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Figure 1.
Means related to: A, stomatal conductance (gs); B, transpiration (E); C, CO₂ assimilation rate (A); D, inner CO₂ concentration (Ci); E, instant water usage effectiveness (WUE); and F, instant carboxylation efficiency (iCE) in naturally-colored cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants at 70 and 93 days after sowing (DAS) under different salinity management strategies. Distinct lowercase letters indicate significant differences among salinity management strategies by Scott-Knott’s test, at 5% probability. Bars represent the standard error of the mean (n=9). 1, A₁B₁C₁; 2, A₂B₁C₁; 3, A₁B₂C₁; 4, A₁B₁C₂; 5, A₂B₁C₂; 6, A₂B₂C₁; and 7, A₁B₂C₂, where A₁, B₁, C₁ represent no salinity during the vegetative, flowering, and fructification stages, and A₂, B₂, C₂, salinity during the vegetative, flowering, and fructification stages.

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Figure 2.
Means related to: A, internal CO₂ concentration (Ci); and B, instant carboxylation efficiency (iCE) of naturally-colored cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) genotypes 93 days after sowing. Distinct lowercase letters indicate significant differences among cotton plant genotypes by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. Bars represent the standard error of the mean (n=21).

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Figure 3.
Means related to the fiber productivity of naturally-colored cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants under different salinity management strategies during phenological stages (A) and among genotypes (B) at 113 days after sowing. Distinct lowercase letters indicate significant differences among salinity management strategies by Scott-Knott’s test, at 5% probability, and distinct uppercase letters indicate significant differences among cotton plant genotypes by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. Bars represent the standard error of the mean for management strategies (n=9) and genotypes (n=21). 1, A₁B₁C₁; 2, A₂B₁C₁; 3, A₁B₂C₁; 4, A₁B₁C₂; 5, A₂B₁C₂; 6, A₂B₂C₁; and 7, A₁B₂C₂, where A₁, B₁, C₁ represent no salinity during the vegetative, flowering, and fructification stages, and A₂, B₂, C₂, salinity during the vegetative, flowering, and fructification stages.

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Table 1
Chemical and physical attributes of the soil used in the experiment, before the treatments were applied⁽¹⁾.

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Table 2.
Analysis of variance of the physiological parameters evaluated for naturally-colored cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) at 70 and 93 days after sowing (DAS) according to different salinity management strategies and genotypes.

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Table 3.
Analysis of variance for initial fluorescence (Fo), maximum fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv), and quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) in naturally-colored cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants at 93 days after sowing (DAS), as well as plume fiber productivity (FP) and plume cotton mass (Plcotton) at 113 DAS according to salinity management strategies and genotypes⁽¹⁾.

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Table 4.
Mean test for initial fluorescence (Fo), maximum fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv), and quantum yield of the photosystem II (Fv/Fm) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants under different salinity management strategies at 93 days after sowing⁽¹⁾.

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Table 5.
Mean test for the unfolding of the interaction between cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plant genotypes and management strategies for plume cotton mass at 113 days after sowing⁽¹⁾.

Figure 1. Means related to: A, stomatal conductance (gs); B, transpiration (E); C, CO₂ assimilation rate (A); D, inner CO₂ concentration (Ci); E, instant water usage effectiveness (WUE); and F, instant carboxylation efficiency (iCE) in naturally-colored cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants at 70 and 93 days after sowing (DAS) under different salinity management strategies. Distinct lowercase letters indicate significant differences among salinity management strategies by Scott-Knott’s test, at 5% probability. Bars represent the standard error of the mean (n=9). 1, A₁B₁C₁; 2, A₂B₁C₁; 3, A₁B₂C₁; 4, A₁B₁C₂; 5, A₂B₁C₂; 6, A₂B₂C₁; and 7, A₁B₂C₂, where A₁, B₁, C₁ represent no salinity during the vegetative, flowering, and fructification stages, and A₂, B₂, C₂, salinity during the vegetative, flowering, and fructification stages.

Figure 2. Means related to: A, internal CO₂ concentration (Ci); and B, instant carboxylation efficiency (iCE) of naturally-colored cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) genotypes 93 days after sowing. Distinct lowercase letters indicate significant differences among cotton plant genotypes by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. Bars represent the standard error of the mean (n=21).

Figure 3. Means related to the fiber productivity of naturally-colored cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants under different salinity management strategies during phenological stages (A) and among genotypes (B) at 113 days after sowing. Distinct lowercase letters indicate significant differences among salinity management strategies by Scott-Knott’s test, at 5% probability, and distinct uppercase letters indicate significant differences among cotton plant genotypes by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. Bars represent the standard error of the mean for management strategies (n=9) and genotypes (n=21). 1, A₁B₁C₁; 2, A₂B₁C₁; 3, A₁B₂C₁; 4, A₁B₁C₂; 5, A₂B₁C₂; 6, A₂B₂C₁; and 7, A₁B₂C₂, where A₁, B₁, C₁ represent no salinity during the vegetative, flowering, and fructification stages, and A₂, B₂, C₂, salinity during the vegetative, flowering, and fructification stages.

Table 1 Chemical and physical attributes of the soil used in the experiment, before the treatments were applied⁽¹⁾.

Attributes		Value
pH_sp		5.8
SOM (dag kg^-1)		21.20
P (mg kg^-1)		45
K⁺ (cmol_c kg^-1)		0.18
Na⁺ (cmol_c kg^-1)		0.37
Ca²⁺ (cmol_c kg^-1)		2.37
Mg²⁺ (cmol_c kg^-1)		3.09
Al³⁺+H⁺ (cmol_c kg^-1)		1.78
ECse (dS m^-1)		0.20
Particle size fraction
	Sand (g kg^-1)	808.6
	Silt (g kg^-1)	80.5
	Clay (g kg^-1)	110.9
Textural class		Sandy loam
Density (kg dm^-3)		1.67

⁽¹⁾
pH_SP, pH of the saturation paste; SOM, soil organic matter determined by the Walkley-Black wet digestion method; K⁺ and Na⁺ extracted using 1 mol L^-1 NH₄OAc, pH 7.0; Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ extracted with 1 mol L^-1 KCl, pH 7.0; ECse, electrical conductivity of the saturation extract.

Table 2. Analysis of variance of the physiological parameters evaluated for naturally-colored cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) at 70 and 93 days after sowing (DAS) according to different salinity management strategies and genotypes.

Variable⁽¹⁾	DF	Mean square	DF	Mean square	DF	Mean square	CV (%)	Overall mean
Variable⁽¹⁾	DF	Management strategy (MS)	DF	Genotype (G)	DF	MS x G	CV (%)	Overall mean
	70 days after sowing (DAS)
gs	6	0.071**	2	0.001^ns	12	0.0009^ns	21.78	0.19
E	6	16.718**	2	0.296^ns	12	0.350^ns	23.74	4.20
A	6	249.59**	2	9.723^ns	12	3.880^ns	14.66	17.57
WUE	6	1.010**	2	0.287^ns	12	0.100^ns	19.34	4.42
Ci	6	2,587.851**	2	659.377^ns	12	385.435^ns	18.42	147.72
iCE	6	0.0008**	2	0.0003^ns	12	0.0005^ns	27.35	0.12
	93 days after sowing (DAS)
gs	6	0.033**	2	0.0004^ns	12	0.0002^ns	20.96	0.13
E	6	10.442**	2	0.072^ns	12	0.084^ns	22.1	2.98
A	6	109.087**	2	6.465^ns	12	2.272^ns	13.93	11.90
WUE	6	1.882**	2	0.868^ns	12	0.230^ns	14.45	4.428
Ci	6	6,642.769**	2	1,652.994*	12	378.708^ns	13.51	163.841
iCE	6	0.001**	2	0.001**	12	0.0004^ns	24.06	0.0765

⁽¹⁾
gs, stomatal conductance; E, transpiration; A, CO₂ assimilation rate; WUE, instantaneous water use efficiency; Ci, inner CO₂ concentration; iCE, intrinsic carboxylation efficiency; DF, degree of freedom; and CV, coefficient of variation. * and **Significant by the F-test, at 5 and 1% probability, respectively. ^nsNonsignificant.

Table 3. Analysis of variance for initial fluorescence (Fo), maximum fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv), and quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) in naturally-colored cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants at 93 days after sowing (DAS), as well as plume fiber productivity (FP) and plume cotton mass (Plcotton) at 113 DAS according to salinity management strategies and genotypes⁽¹⁾.

Source of variation	DF	Mean square
Source of variation	DF	Fo	Fm	Fv	Fv/Fm	FP	Plcotton
Management strategy (MS)	6	239.36^ns	52,058.04**	52,301.79**	0.0003**	5.59**	4,710.77**
Genotype (G)	2	440.23^ns	4144.10^ns	2,224.53^ns	0.00006^ns	147.64**	4,618.92**
MS x G	12	168.77^ns	6236.48^ns	5,621.43^ns	0.00007^ns	0.74 ^ns	136.25*
Block	2	1,761.32^ns	189,882.37^ns	23,207.75^ns	0.0007^ns	0.30 ^ns	6.39^ns
Error	40	167.53	3,985.76	3,216.02	0.00004	0.98	55.58
CV (%)		4.48	3.73	4.04	0.77	3.66	11.55
Mean		288.941	1691.460	1,403.465	0.828	27.196	64.55

⁽¹⁾
DF, degrees of freedom; and CV, coefficient of variation. * and **Significant by the F-test, at 5 and 1% probability, respectively. ^nsNonsignificant.

Table 4. Mean test for initial fluorescence (Fo), maximum fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv), and quantum yield of the photosystem II (Fv/Fm) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants under different salinity management strategies at 93 days after sowing⁽¹⁾.

Management strategy	Fo	Fm	Fv	Fv/Fm
A₁B₁C₁	292.74±10.54a	1,814.48±47.32a	1,529.70±40.88a	0.839±0.004a
A₂B₁C₁	293.66±6.38a	1,679.29±35.17b	1,385.63±34.69b	0.824±0.004c
A₁B₂C₁	285.77±9.09a	1,628.70±31.84c	1,346.03±27.13c	0.825±0.004c
A₁B₁C₂	285.77±8.90a	1,685.00±34.05b	1,399.22±32.51b	0.829±0.005b
A₂B₁C₂	293.25±4.32a	1,771.63±41.04a	1,478.37±43.51a	0.833±0.005b
A₂B₂C₁	282.18±7.67a	1,658.81±32.38b	1,376.48±25.73b	0.829±0.003b
A₁B₂C₂	292.18±4.32a	1,602.29±19.55c	1,308.81±22.21c	0.818±0.003d

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by distinct lowercase letters indicate significant differences among salinity management strategies by Scott-Knott’s test, at 5% probability, and followed by distinct uppercase letters indicate significant differences among cotton plant genotypes by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. Number±standard error. A₁, B₁, C₁, no salinity during the vegetative, flowering, and fructification stages, respectively; and A₂, B₂, C₂, salinity during the vegetative, flowering, and fructification stages.

Table 5. Mean test for the unfolding of the interaction between cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plant genotypes and management strategies for plume cotton mass at 113 days after sowing⁽¹⁾.

Management strategy	Genotype
Management strategy	BRS Rubi	BRS Topázio	BRS Safira
A₁B₁C₁	84.33±5.53aB	125.33±3.54aA	87.66±3.32aB
A₂B₁C₁	73.33±2.51aB	114.66±1.04aA	81.00±6.87aB
A₁B₂C₁	54.66±4.07bC	90.33±3.05bA	72.00±2.29aB
A₁B₁C₂	44.66±2.02cB	63.00±3.27cA	49.66±0.57bAB
A₂B₁C₂	40.33±3.54cB	62.66±2.56cA	43.33±2.56bB
A₂B₂C₁	42.00±6.94cB	68.00±3.60cA	43.00±3.60bB
A₁B₂C₂	34.33±2.25cA	45.66±1.60dA	35.66±4.07bA

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by distinct lowercase letters indicate significant differences among salinity management strategies by Scott-Knott’s test, at 5% probability, and followed by distinct uppercase letters indicate significant differences among cotton plant genotypes by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. Number ± standard error. A₁, B₁, C₁, no salinity during the vegetative, flowering, and fructification stages; and A₂, B₂, C₂, salinity during the vegetative, flowering, and fructification stages.

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Physiology and production of naturally-colored cotton under irrigation strategies using salinized water

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[TFN1] ⁽¹⁾
pH_SP, pH of the saturation paste; SOM, soil organic matter determined by the Walkley-Black wet digestion method; K⁺ and Na⁺ extracted using 1 mol L^-1 NH₄OAc, pH 7.0; Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ extracted with 1 mol L^-1 KCl, pH 7.0; ECse, electrical conductivity of the saturation extract.