Arabica coffee response to rates of coated and conventional urea in sandy soil

The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth, relative chlorophyll index and nitrogen concentrations in leaves, and the grain yield of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) fertilized with rates of N as coated and conventional urea, in a sandy soil under rainfed conditions. The experiment was carried out over three crop years, using 'Mundo Novo IAC 388-17-1' coffee, in a randomized complete block design, in a 3×2+1 factorial arrangement, with three treatments with 150, 300, and 600 kg ha^-1 N, as coated and conventional urea, and a control without N, with six replicates. Nitrogen increased stem diameter, plant height, N concentrations and relative chlorophyll index in the leaves, as well as grain yield. Over the three crop years, the highest N rate provided the greatest grain yield. Coated urea has no advantage over the conventional one, in supplying N to arabica coffee crop, in sandy soil under rainfed conditions.

Index terms:
Coffea arabica; grain yield; mineral nutrition; nitrogen; slow release

Authorship

Jorge Luiz Abranches

Secretaria Municipal de Agricultura e Abastecimento de Bauru, Departamento de Agricultura, Rua Carmelo Zamataro, s/no, CEP 17110-000 Bauru, SP, Brazil. E-mail: jorgeabranches@bauru.sp.gov.brSecretaria Municipal de Agricultura e Abastecimento de BauruBrazilBauru, SP, Brazil Secretaria Municipal de Agricultura e Abastecimento de Bauru, Departamento de Agricultura, Rua Carmelo Zamataro, s/no, CEP 17110-000 Bauru, SP, Brazil. E-mail: jorgeabranches@bauru.sp.gov.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7025-8486

Rogério Peres Soratto ^**Corresponding author

Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquista Filho, Departamento de Produção e Melhoramento Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Campus de Botucatu, Avenida Universitária, no 3.780, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, CEP 18610-034 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. E-mail: rogerio.soratto@unesp.br, renanjparecido@hotmail.comUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquista FilhoBrazilBotucatu, SP, Brazil Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquista Filho, Departamento de Produção e Melhoramento Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Campus de Botucatu, Avenida Universitária, no 3.780, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, CEP 18610-034 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. E-mail: rogerio.soratto@unesp.br, renanjparecido@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4662-126X

Marcos José Perdoná

Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Polo Regional Centro-Oeste - Bauru, Avenida Rodrigues Alves, no 4.040, CEP 17030-000 Bauru, SP, Brazil. E-mail: marcosperdona@apta.sp.gov.brAgência Paulista de Tecnologia dos AgronegóciosBrazilBauru, SP, Brazil Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Polo Regional Centro-Oeste - Bauru, Avenida Rodrigues Alves, no 4.040, CEP 17030-000 Bauru, SP, Brazil. E-mail: marcosperdona@apta.sp.gov.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9986-169X

Renan José Parecido

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9464-3645

*Corresponding author

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (4)

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Table 1.
Mean monthly temperature and monthly rainfall, from January 2014 to December 2017, in the municipality of Bauru, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

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Table 2.
Stem diameter and plant height of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) as affected by sources and rates of N in three crop years⁽¹⁾.

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Table 3.
Nitrogen concentration and relative chlorophyll index in the leaves of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) affected by sources and rates of N, in three crop years⁽¹⁾.

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Table 4.
Hulled-grain yield of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) affected by sources and rates of N, in three crop years⁽¹⁾.

Table 1. Mean monthly temperature and monthly rainfall, from January 2014 to December 2017, in the municipality of Bauru, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

Month	Mean temperature (°C)				Rainfall (mm)
Month	2014	2015	2016	2017	2014	2015	2016	2017
January	26.3	27.5	26.1	25.0	104.6	182.4	380.2	462.0
February	26.0	25.5	27.5	26.2	132.3	134.1	351.3	137.9
March	24.7	24.5	25.1	24.8	125.5	251.5	118.9	135.9
April	23.2	23.7	25.2	22.6	74.4	46.7	37.8	119.1
May	20.5	20.9	19.7	21.0	63.8	125.2	110.2	218.7
June	20.3	20.7	18.1	19.2	0.5	0.0	94.0	22.4
July	18.9	20.3	19.5	18.5	30.5	88.1	9.1	0.0
August	21.7	22.5	20.7	20.3	22.4	21.6	61.7	66.3
September	23.1	24.1	21.3	24.1	125.0	220.2	24.6	16.5
October	25.0	25.3	23.3	23.9	37.3	123.4	103.6	117.9
November	24.8	25.0	23.8	23.4	116.0	260.1	91.2	263.4
December	25.1	25.9	25.0	25.2	257.0	259.8	143.8	95.0

Table 2. Stem diameter and plant height of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) as affected by sources and rates of N in three crop years⁽¹⁾.

Treatment		Stem diameter (mm)			Plant height (m)
Treatment		Mar./2015	Mar./2016	Mar./2017	Mar./2015	Mar./2016	Mar./2017
N source
	Conventional urea	55.0a	67.3a	76.2a	2.17a	2.55a	2.80a
	Coated urea	53.6a	66.0a	74.6a	2.13a	2.51a	2.80a
N rate (kg ha^-1)
	0	49.3	58.7	64.5	2.03	2.39	2.64
	150	53.7	65.3	74.2	2.12	2.50	2.77
	300	55.1	66.3	75.0	2.17	2.56	2.81
	600	54.1	68.4	76.9	2.17	2.54	2.77
	Regression	⁽²⁾	⁽³⁾	⁽⁴⁾	⁽⁵⁾	⁽⁶⁾	⁽⁷⁾
Source × Rate interaction⁽⁸⁾		0.798	0.231	0.741	0.550	0.951	0.863
Coefficient of variation (%)		6.7	5.5	6.2	4.9	4.1	4.9

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, in the columns, do not differ by the F test, at 5% probability, considering only the factorial two sources × three rates. ⁽²⁾y = 49.439 + 0.031747**x - 0.000040**x², R² = 0.99; ⁽³⁾y = 59.139 + 0.038492**x - 0.000039**x², R² = 0.95; ⁽⁴⁾y = 65.241 + 0.055765**x - 0.000061**x², R² = 0.93; ⁽⁵⁾y = 2.028 + 0.000748**x - 0.000001*x², R² = 0.99; ⁽⁶⁾y = 2.388 + 0.000920**x - 0.000001**x², R² = 0.99; ⁽⁷⁾y = 2.642 + 0.000984*x - 0.000001*x², R² = 0.99; in which * and ** are significant at 5 and 1%, respectively, by the t-test. ⁽⁸⁾Interaction considering only the factorial two sources × three rates.

Table 3. Nitrogen concentration and relative chlorophyll index in the leaves of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) affected by sources and rates of N, in three crop years⁽¹⁾.

Treatment		N concentration (g kg^-1)
Treatment		Mar./2015	Oct./2015	Mar./2016	Oct./2016	Mar./2017
N source
	Conventional urea	24.6a	27.6a	27.6b	25.0a	26.2a
	Coated urea	25.7a	27.5a	28.6a	25.0a	26.2a
N rate (kg ha^-1)
	0	18.7	24.9	21.0	21.0	19.3
	150	22.7	27.7	26.7	22.8	25.6
	300	25.5	27.0	27.5	24.7	26.7
	600	27.3	27.8	30.2	27.5	27.0
	Regression	⁽²⁾	⁽³⁾	⁽⁴⁾	⁽⁵⁾	⁽⁶⁾
Source × Rate interaction⁽⁷⁾		0.085	0.193	0.730	0.151	0.782
Coefficient of variation (%)		5.5	8.0	6.0	6.6	6.7
N source		Relative chlorophyll index (SPAD)
	Conventional urea	58.2b	58.5a	56.1a	49.1a	54.9a
	Coated urea	59.6a	59.3a	57.3a	50.2a	56.0a
N rate (kg ha^-1)
	0	45.3	50.9	41.5	40.9	38.0
	150	55.9	55.8	50.3	45.1	53.8
	300	60.2	58.8	57.8	49.2	55.5
	600	60.6	62.1	62.0	54.6	57.0
	Regression	⁽⁸⁾	⁽⁹⁾	⁽¹⁰⁾	⁽¹¹⁾	⁽¹²⁾
Source × Rate interaction⁽⁷⁾		0.542	0.875	0.757	0.519	0.445
Coefficient of variation (%)		4.1	6.3	7.3	5.4	7.7

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, in the columns, do not differ by the F test, at 5% probability, considering only the factorial two sources × three rates. ⁽²⁾y = 18.695 + 0.030803**x - 0.000027**x², R² = 0.99; ⁽³⁾y = 25.901 + 0.003674*x, R² = 0.46; ⁽⁴⁾y = 21.450 + 0.031481**x -0.000029**x², R² = 0.95; ⁽⁵⁾y = 21.187 + 0.010767**x², R² = 0.99; ⁽⁶⁾y = 19.708 + 0.039684**x -0.000046**x², R² = 0.95. ⁽⁷⁾Interaction considering only factorial two sources × three rates. ⁽⁸⁾y = 45.620 + 0.075855**x - 0.000085**x², R² = 0.99; ⁽⁹⁾y = 52.158 + 0.018008**x, R² = 0.93; ⁽¹⁰⁾y = 41.323 + 0.072862**x - 0.000064**x², R² = 0.99; ⁽¹¹⁾y = 41.510 + 0.022644**x, R² = 0.99; ⁽¹²⁾y = 39.141 + 0.094692**x - 0.000109**x², R² = 0.94; in which * and ** are significant at 5 and 1%, respectively, by the t-test.

Table 4. Hulled-grain yield of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) affected by sources and rates of N, in three crop years⁽¹⁾.

Treatment		Hulled-grain yield (kg ha^-1)
		2014/2015 crop year		2015/2016 crop year	2016/2017 crop year	Average (3 crop years)
		Conventional urea	Coated urea	2015/2016 crop year	2016/2017 crop year	Average (3 crop years)
N source
	Conventional urea	-	-	3,276a	2,467a	2,147a
	Coated urea	-	-	3,306a	2,444a	2,158a
N rate (kg ha^-1)
	0	621		1,308	1,290	1,073
	150	775A	533B	2,567	2,007	1,743
	300	687A	711A	3,414	2,162	2,092
	600	729A	829A	3,892	3,197	2,623
	Regression	ns	⁽²⁾	⁽³⁾	⁽⁴⁾	⁽⁵⁾
Source × Rate interaction⁽⁶⁾		<0.001		0.913	0.419	0.149
Coefficient of variation (%)		14.9		12.0	14.3	8.1

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, uppercase in the rows in the 2014/2015 crop year, and lowercase in the columns in the other years and on the average of three crop years, do not differ by the F test, at 5% probability, considering only the factorial two sources × three rates. ⁽²⁾y = 562.3 + 0.4246**x, R² = 0.74; ⁽³⁾y = 1308.296 + 9.741044**x - 0.009060**x², R² = 0.99; ⁽⁴⁾y = 1369.486 + 3.026328**x, R² = 0.97; ⁽⁵⁾y = 1094.593 + 4.401412**x - 0.003111**x², R² = 0.99; in which * and ** are significant by the t-test, at 5 and 1% probabilities, respectively. ^nsNonsignificant. ⁽⁶⁾Interaction considering only the factorial two sources × three rates.

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Arabica coffee response to rates of coated and conventional urea in sandy soil

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[1] *Corresponding author