Nitrogen management alternatives using <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i> in wheat

The objective of this work was to evaluate nitrogen management alternatives using Azospirillum brasilense inoculation in wheat (Triticum aestivum) by seed and foliar applications. Treatments consisted of the inoculation or not of A. brasilense, via seed and leaves, associated with topdressing with 0, 70, and 140 kg ha^-1 nitrogen. Three wheat cultivars were tested: BRS Parrudo, TBIO Quartzo, and TBIO Sinuelo. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with three replicates. The following traits were evaluated: number of emerged plants, tillers, spikelets per ear, grains per ear, and grains per spikelet; 1,000-grain mass; hectoliter mass; and grain yield. The foliar management of A. brasilense showed a better association with the TBIO Sinuelo cultivar. The foliar application of A. brasilense, whether alone or combined with seed treatment, increases the grain yield and yield components of the evaluated cultivars.

Index terms:
Triticum aestivum; diazotrophic bacteria; foliar spraying; grain quality

Authorship

Janete Denardi Munareto

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, no 1.000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, CEP 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: jdmunareto@gmail.com, martin.ufsm@gmail.com, gm.fipke@hotmail.com, vinicius_scunha@hotmail.com, eng.guilhermerosa@gmail.comUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaBrazilSanta Maria, RS, Brazil Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, no 1.000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, CEP 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: jdmunareto@gmail.com, martin.ufsm@gmail.com, gm.fipke@hotmail.com, vinicius_scunha@hotmail.com, eng.guilhermerosa@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3724-168X

Thomas Newton Martin ^**Corresponding author: martin.ufsm@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4549-3980

Glauber Monçon Fipke

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9621-1678

Vinícius dos Santos Cunha

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8022-6821

Guilherme Bergeijer da Rosa

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1121-6574

*Corresponding author: martin.ufsm@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (5)

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Table 1.
Number of spikelets per spike of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars subjected to different forms of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen doses in the 2014 and 2015 crop years⁽¹⁾.

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Table 2.
Number of grains per ear and per spikelet of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars subjected to different forms of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen doses in the 2014 and 2015 crop years⁽¹⁾.

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Table 3.
Hectoliter mass (kg h^-1) of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars subjected to different forms of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen doses in the 2014 and 2015 crop years⁽¹⁾.

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Table 4.
Mass of a thousand grains (g) of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars subjected to different forms of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen doses in the 2014 and 2015 crop years⁽¹⁾.

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Table 5.
Grain yield (kg ha^-1) of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars subjected to different forms of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen doses in the 2014 and 2015 crop years⁽¹⁾.

Table 1. Number of spikelets per spike of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars subjected to different forms of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen doses in the 2014 and 2015 crop years⁽¹⁾.

N dose (kg ha^-1)	Cultivar	Inoculation form
N dose (kg ha^-1)	Cultivar	Control	Foliar (F)	Seed (S)	F+S
	2014
0	BRS Parrudo	α17.2aA*	α15.8bA	α17.8aA	α17.6aA
	TBIO Sinuelo	β14.5bA	α15.7bA	α18.0aA	α16.5aA
	TBIO Quartzo	α16.4aA	α18.2aA	α17.4aA	α17.6aA
70	BRS Parrudo	α16.4aA	α18.2aA	α18.0aA	α18.3aA
	TBIO Sinuelo	α18.0aA	α17.7aA	α16.5aA	α18.0aA
	TBIO Quartzo	α17.5aA	α15.8aA	α18.0aA	α18.3aA
140	BRS Parrudo	α17.5aA	α17.7aA	α17.4aA	β15.2bB
	TBIO Sinuelo	α17.6aA	α17.0aA	α17.5aA	α17.8aA
	TBIO Quartzo	α17.2aA	α17.7aA	α17.8aA	α15.2bB
CV (%)		3.7
	2015
0	BRS Parrudo	Ƴ15.4aB	Ƴ15.7aB	Ƴ14.4aC	β16.6aA
	TBIO Sinuelo	β15.4aA	β15.4aA	Ƴ14.4aB	β14.3cB
	TBIO Quartzo	Ƴ14.4aB	Ƴ14.6bB	Ƴ14.7aB	α15.3bA
70	BRS Parrudo	β16.5aA	β16.5aA	β16.0aA	β16.5aA
	TBIO Sinuelo	β15.3bA	β15.5bA	β15.2bA	β14.7bB
	TBIO Quartzo	β16.3aA	β15.5bB	β16.2aA	α16.3aA
140	BRS Parrudo	α18.5aA	α18.4aA	α17.5aB	α17.3aB
	TBIO Sinuelo	α16.7bB	α17.3bA	α16.3bC	α16.0bC
	TBIO Quartzo	α17.2bA	α17.4bA	α15.6cC	α16.4bB
CV (%)		2.0

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, lowercase in the columns within nitrogen doses and uppercase in the rows, do not differ by Scott-Knott’s test, at 5% probability. Greek letters in front of the averages compare nitrogen doses within inoculation treatments and years.

Table 2. Number of grains per ear and per spikelet of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars subjected to different forms of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen doses in the 2014 and 2015 crop years⁽¹⁾.

N dose (kg ha^-1)	Cultivar	Inoculation form
N dose (kg ha^-1)	Cultivar	Control	Foliar (F)	Seed (S)	F+S
	Number of grains per ear in 2014
0	BRS Parrudo	α32.0aB*	β23.0bD	β35.0bA	Ƴ26.3aC
	TBIO Sinuelo	β23.0cB	β25.5aA	Ƴ23.4cB	Ƴ23.4bB
	TBIO Quartzo	β27.0bB	β21.1bC	α37.5aA	Ƴ26.3aC
70	BRS Parrudo	β27.0bC	β21.1bD	β33.8aA	β29.1bB
	TBIO Sinuelo	α31.4aB	α35.3aA	β32.6aB	α33.3aB
	TBIO Quartzo	β26.0bC	β23.0bD	β33.8aA	β29.1bB
140	BRS Parrudo	β26.0bD	α28.0bC	α37.5aA	α34.3aB
	TBIO Sinuelo	α32.4aB	α36.6aA	α38.2aA	β29.5bC
	TBIO Quartzo	α32.0aB	α28.0bC	β34.8aA	α34.3aA
CV (%)		3.7
	Number of grains per spikelet in 2015
0	BRS Parrudo	α1.8aA	α1.4aB	β2.0aA	β1.5aB
	TBIO Sinuelo	α1.6aA	β1.6aA	β1.3bB	β1.4aB
	TBIO Quartzo	β1.6aB	β1.1bC	α2.1aA	β1.5aB
70	BRS Parrudo	β1.6aB	β1.1cC	β1.8aA	β1.6bB
	TBIO Sinuelo	α1.7aA	α2.0aA	α1.9aA	α1.8aA
	TBIO Quartzo	β1.5aB	α1.4bB	β1.9aA	β1.5bB
140	BRS Parrudo	β1.5bB	α1.6aB	α2.1aA	α2.2aA
	TBIO Sinuelo	α1.8aB	α2.1aA	α2.1aA	α1.6bB
	TBIO Quartzo	α1.8aB	α1.6bC	β2.0aB	α2.2aA
CV		8.25

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, lowercase in the columns within nitrogen doses and uppercase in the rows, do not differ by Scott-Knott’s test, at 5% probability. Greek letters in front of the averages compare nitrogen doses within inoculation treatments and years.

Table 3. Hectoliter mass (kg h^-1) of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars subjected to different forms of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen doses in the 2014 and 2015 crop years⁽¹⁾.

Cultivar	Inoculation form in 2014				Nitrogen dose (kg ha^-1) in 2015
Cultivar	Control	Foliar (F)	Seed (S)	F+S	0	70	140
BRS Parrudo	78.6aA*	79.2aA	76.8aB	78.5aA	70.6aA	70.4aA	70.0bA
TBIO Sinuelo	75.8bA	76.1bA	77.0aA	76.9bA	72.0aA	70.0aA	71.0aA
TBIO Quartzo	76.4bA	75.4bA	76.5aA	76.5bA	70.4aA	70.0aA	70.0bA
CV (%)	1.9				2.84

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, lowercase in the columns within nitrogen doses and uppercase in the rows, do not differ by Scott-Knott’s test, at 5% probability.

Table 4. Mass of a thousand grains (g) of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars subjected to different forms of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen doses in the 2014 and 2015 crop years⁽¹⁾.

Crop year	Inoculation form				Cultivar
Crop year	Control	Foliar (F)	Seed (S)	F+S	BRS Parrudo	TBIO Quartzo	TBIO Sinuelo
2014	30.0b	30.0b	30.5b	32.0a	30.5b	31.5a	30.5b
2015	-	-	-	-	31.8a	31.5a	30.0b

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, within inoculation forms and cultivars, do not differ by Scott-Knott’s test, at 5% probability.

Table 5. Grain yield (kg ha^-1) of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars subjected to different forms of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen doses in the 2014 and 2015 crop years⁽¹⁾.

Nitrogen dose (kg ha¹)	Cultivar	Inoculation form
Nitrogen dose (kg ha¹)	Cultivar	Control	Foliar (F)	Seed (S)	F+S
		2014 crop year
0	BRS Parrudo	β1,750aA	β1,947aA	α1,181aB	α1,313bB
	TBIO Sinuelo	β1,317aB	Ƴ1,224bB	β901bC	Ƴ1,746aA
	TBIO Quartzo	Ƴ1,482aA	Ƴ1,506bA	Ƴ1,093aB	β1,167bB
70	BRS Parrudo	α2,430aA	β1,671bB	α1,678bB	α1,551bB
	TBIO Sinuelo	β1,440cD	β2,191aB	α1,859bC	β2,627aA
	TBIO Quartzo	β1,925bB	β2,536aA	β2,633aA	β1,124cC
140	BRS Parrudo	α2,831bA	α2,485bA	α1,401cB	α2,785bA
	TBIO Sinuelo	α3,382aA	α2,600bB	α1,961bC	α3,263aA
	TBIO Quartzo	α2,958bB	α3,383aA	α3,366aA	α2,508bC
CV (%)		12.27
		2015 crop year
0	BRS Parrudo	Ƴ1,930cB	β2,623bA	Ƴ1,912cB	Ƴ1,938bB
	TBIO Sinuelo	Ƴ2,494bB	α3,198aA	Ƴ2,196bC	β2,537aB
	TBIO Quartzo	α3,305aA	Ƴ1,803cD	β2,945aB	Ƴ2,060bC
70	BRS Parrudo	β2,875aB	α3,148aA	β2,410bC	β2,461bC
	TBIO Sinuelo	β2,872aB	α3,242aA	β2,534bC	α2,911aB
	TBIO Quartzo	β3,068aA	β2,921bA	β2,877aA	β2,372bB
140	BRS Parrudo	α3,378aA	α2,992bB	α2,944bB	α3,130aB
	TBIO Sinuelo	α3,189aA	α3,313aA	α2,751bB	α2,836bB
	TBIO Quartzo	α3,374aA	α3,285aA	α3,227aA	α2,979bB
CV (%)		4.42

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, lowercase in the columns within nitrogen doses and uppercase in the rows, do not differ by Scott-Knott’s test, at 5% probability. Greek letters in front of the averages compare nitrogen doses within inoculation treatments and years.

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Nitrogen management alternatives using <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i> in wheat

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[1] *Corresponding author: martin.ufsm@gmail.com