Inoculation with arbuscular micorrizhal fungi and organic compost from cocoa shell positively influence the growth and mineral nutrition of soursop plants (<i>Annona muricata</i> l.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation (AMF - Acaulospora scrobiculata, Acaulospora colombiana and the mixture of these inocula) and doses of organic compost obtained from cocoa shell (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 g dm-3) on “Morada” soursop seedlings. The experimental design was a randomized block with 4 blocks in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme (AMF x organic compost). After 120 days of growth, it was observed that AMF inoculation increased height, stem diameter and shoot, root and total dry biomass. Organic compost stimulated mycorrhizal colonization and the number of spores with the addition up to 10 g dm-3. Mycorrhizal inoculation promoted increases of P content in soursop leaves. Control plants did not show adequate response to doses of the organic compost applied and it was concluded that AMF inoculation combined with organic compost increased the growth and nutrition of soursop plants.

Index terms
Mycorrhiza; seedling production; residues; composting

Authorship

Gedeon Almeida Gomes Júnior

Master in Plant Production, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, BR. E-mail: geda_almeida@hotmail.com State University of Santa CruzBrasilIlhéus, BA, Brasil Master in Plant Production, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, BR. E-mail: geda_almeida@hotmail.com

Rafaela Alves Pereira

PhD in Plant Production, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, BR. E-mail: rafaelapereira2511@gmail.com; State University of Santa CruzBrasilIlhéus, BA, Brasil PhD in Plant Production, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, BR. E-mail: rafaelapereira2511@gmail.com;

George Andrade Sodré

PhD in Plant Production, Adjunct Professor, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, BR. E-mail: gasodre@hotmail.com; State University of Santa CruzBrasilIlhéus, BA, Brasil PhD in Plant Production, Adjunct Professor, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, BR. E-mail: gasodre@hotmail.com;

Célio Kersul do Sacramneto

PhD in Plant Production, Adjunct Professor, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, BR. E-mail: celiokersul@gmail.com; State University of Santa CruzBrasilIlhéus, BA, Brasil PhD in Plant Production, Adjunct Professor, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, BR. E-mail: celiokersul@gmail.com;

Eduardo Gross

PhD in Plant Biology, Adjunct Professor, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, BR. E-mail: egross@uesc.br State University of Santa CruzBrasilIlhéus, BA, Brasil PhD in Plant Biology, Adjunct Professor, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, BR. E-mail: egross@uesc.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (3)
Tables (6)

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Figure 1
Regression analysis graph for mean dry biomass total of soursop seedlings at 120 days after planting submitted to different doses of organic compost and inoculated with Acaulospora colombiana, Acaulospora scrobiculata and the mixture of these two mycorrhizal fungi (MIX) and not inoculated (control).

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Figure 2
Regression analysis graph for the degree of mycorrhizal colonization of soursop submitted to different doses of organic compost and inoculated with Acaulospora colombiana, Acaulospora scrobiculata and the mixture of these two mycorrhizal fungi (MIX) and not uninoculated plants (control).

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Figure 3
Regression analysis for the P content in leaves of soursop inoculated with Acaulospora scrobiculata, Acaulospora colombiana and the mixture of these two fungi and of uninoculated (control) plants submitted to different doses of organic compost.

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Table 1
Summary of variance analysis for plant height (H), stem diameter (SD), root dry biomass (RDB), dry shoot biomass (DSB) and total dry biomass (TDB) of soursop seedlings at 120 days after planting inoculated with AMF and fertilized with organic compost.

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Table 2
Mean plant height (H) and stem diameter (SD) soursop seedlings at 120 days after planting inoculated with AMF and fertilized with organic compost

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Table 3
Mean values of root dry biomass (RDB), dry shoot biomass (DSB) and total dry biomass (TDB) at 120 days after planting of soursop seedlings inoculated with AMF and fertilized with organic compost.

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Table 4
Summary of variance analysis for mycorrhizal colonization and number of spores.

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Table 5
Mean values and adjustment of regression models of AMF spore density.

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Table 6
Mean values of P (mg plant^-1) content of dry shoot biomass of soursop seedlings inoculated with AMF and fertilized with organic compost.

Figure 1 Regression analysis graph for mean dry biomass total of soursop seedlings at 120 days after planting submitted to different doses of organic compost and inoculated with Acaulospora colombiana, Acaulospora scrobiculata and the mixture of these two mycorrhizal fungi (MIX) and not inoculated (control).

Figure 2 Regression analysis graph for the degree of mycorrhizal colonization of soursop submitted to different doses of organic compost and inoculated with Acaulospora colombiana, Acaulospora scrobiculata and the mixture of these two mycorrhizal fungi (MIX) and not uninoculated plants (control).

Figure 3 Regression analysis for the P content in leaves of soursop inoculated with Acaulospora scrobiculata, Acaulospora colombiana and the mixture of these two fungi and of uninoculated (control) plants submitted to different doses of organic compost.

Table 1 Summary of variance analysis for plant height (H), stem diameter (SD), root dry biomass (RDB), dry shoot biomass (DSB) and total dry biomass (TDB) of soursop seedlings at 120 days after planting inoculated with AMF and fertilized with organic compost.

SV	DF	Mean square
SV	DF	H	SD	RDB	DSB	TDB
Block	3	96.43	0.1591	0.0819	3.665*	3.734
AMF	3	577.18*	6.3512*	6.2368*	81.774*	131.960*
Compost	4	42.99	3.6059*	1.1654*	4.289*	8.646*
AMF*Compost	12	122.52*	0.9290*	0.5377*	1.399	3.266*
Residue	57	57.73	0.2307	0.1363	0.833	1.052
VC (%)		26.31	8.88	18.98	19.7	15.6

^*
F Test (p < 0.05); SV: Source of variation; DF: Degree of freedom; VC: Variation coefficient

Table 2 Mean plant height (H) and stem diameter (SD) soursop seedlings at 120 days after planting inoculated with AMF and fertilized with organic compost

Height (cm)
	Organic compost (g dm^-3)
Mycorrhizal treatment	0	5	10	20	30
Control	15.5 b	15.9 b	16.3 c	16.8 b	18.5 c
Acaulospora scrobiculata	17.5 ab	19.7 ab	19.7 bc	27.3 a	24.2 b
Acaulospora colombiana	20.6 a	21.0 a	23.4 ab	26.0 a	18.7 c
Mix	18.2 ab	19.9 ab	26.8 a	27.3 a	29.1 a
Stem diameter (mm)
	Organic compost (g dm^-3)
Mycorrhizal treatment	0	5	10	20	30
Control	4.1 c	4.4 b	4.5 c	4.6 b	5.0 c
Acaulospora scrobiculata	4.7 bc	5.0 ab	5.2 bc	6.3 a	6.1 ab
Acaulospora colombiana	5.0 ab	5.7 a	5.9 b	6.1 a	5.6 bc
Mix	5.6 a	5.4 a	6.8 a	6.6 a	6.6 a

^*
Means followed by the same letters in columns do not differ statistically by the Tukey test (p = 0.05).

Table 3 Mean values of root dry biomass (RDB), dry shoot biomass (DSB) and total dry biomass (TDB) at 120 days after planting of soursop seedlings inoculated with AMF and fertilized with organic compost.

Root dry biomass (g)
	Organic compost (g dm^-3)
Mycorrhizal treatment	0	5	10	20	30
Control	0.67 b	0.67 b	0.84 b	0.79 b	2.00 ab
Acaulospora scrobiculata	1.88 a	1.87 a	1.85 a	2.98 a	2.77 a
Acaulospora colombiana	2.44 a	2.32 a	2.65 a	2.33 a	1.93 b
Mix	1.74 a	1.61 a	2.21 a	2.72 a	2.59 ab
Shoot dry biomass ¹ (g)
Control	1.13 c
Acaulospora scrobiculata	5.28 b
Acaulospora colombiana	5.87 ab
Mix	6.24 a
Total dry biomass (g)
Control	1.35 c	1.34 b	1.77 c	2.22 b	3.93 b
Acaulospora scrobiculata	6.30 a	6.45 a	7.15 b	9.15 a	8.70 a
Acaulospora colombiana	8.09 a	7.92 a	9.81 a	8.26 a	6.99 a
Mix	6.42 a	7.36 a	9.88 a	9.20 a	9.22 a

^*
Means followed by the same letters in columns do not differ statistically by the Tukey test (p = 0.05).
¹
There was no interaction AMF * Organic compost.

Table 4 Summary of variance analysis for mycorrhizal colonization and number of spores.

SV	DF	Mean square
SV	DF	Mycorrhizal colonization	Number of spores
Block	3	118.4*	293
AMF	3	23677.7*	845968*
Compost	4	1874.8*	227956*
AMF* Compost	12	251.5*	29712*
Residue	57	281.7	1109
VC (%)		11.13	10.53

Table 5 Mean values and adjustment of regression models of AMF spore density.

	Organic compost (g dm^-3)
Mycorrhizal treatment	0	5	10	20	30
Control	17.0 d	14.5 c	16.2 c	17.5 c	16.50 b
Acaulospora scrobiculata	219.7 b	360.7 a	585.7 b	495.5 b	361.2 a
Acaulospora colombiana	112.0 c	254.0 b	576.7 b	492.2 b	392.2 a
Mix	302.2 a	410.7 a	689.5 a	594.5 a	399.2 a
Regression
	Equation				R²
Control	Not significant				-
Acaulospora scrobiculata	Y** = 222.8488 + 40.9061X - 1.3684X²				0.87
Acaulospora colombiana	Y** = 105.8067 + 49.9806X - 1.3684X²				0.85
Mix	Y** = 287.2790 + 45.7348X - 1.4125X²				0.86

^*
Means followed by the same letters in columns do not differ statistically by the Tukey test (p = 0.05).
^**
Significant at 1% probability.

Table 6 Mean values of P (mg plant^-1) content of dry shoot biomass of soursop seedlings inoculated with AMF and fertilized with organic compost.

	Organic compost (g dm^-3)
Mycorrhizal treatment	0	5	10	20	30
Control	0.25 b	0.42 c	0.85 c	1.69 c	2.59 c
Acaulospora scrobiculata	9.55 a	10.90 a	13.67 b	12.03 a	10.38 a
Acaulospora colombiana	8.87 a	11.42 a	15.75 a	13.52 a	8.30 b
Mix	8.47 a	10.98 a	16.64 a	11.08 b	9.48 ab

^*
Means followed by the same letters in columns do not differ statistically by the Tukey test (p = 0.05).

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Inoculation with arbuscular micorrizhal fungi and organic compost from cocoa shell positively influence the growth and mineral nutrition of soursop plants (<i>Annona muricata</i> l.)

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[TFN0101] ^*
F Test (p < 0.05); SV: Source of variation; DF: Degree of freedom; VC: Variation coefficient