Effect of soil classes and climatic conditions on the productive characteristics and composition of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes

Warmling, Maria Tereza; Albuquerque, Jackson Adriano; Warmling, Maria Izabel; Rufato, Leo; Andognini, Jadiel

doi:10.1590/0100-29452018035

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Fitotecnia • Rev. Bras. Frutic. 40 (6) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-29452018035 copy

Effect of soil classes and climatic conditions on the productive characteristics and composition of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes

Efeito da classe de solo e das condições meteorológicas nas características produtivas e composição da uva Cabernet Sauvignon

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Grapevines can be grown in different soil classes and climatic conditions. However, the effect of these variables on grapevine and grape composition is complex. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of soil classes and climatic conditions on productive and physico-chemical characteristics and phenolic compounds of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes. The experiment was carried out in São Joaquim (SC), located on the Southern Plateau of Santa Catarina. Cabernet Sauvignon variety was analyzed in three soils (Dystrudepts, Humudepts and Rhodudalfs) and two harvests (2015 and 2016). The climatic variables analyzed were rainfall, insolation and average, maximum and minimum temperatures. Soil physical-chemical attributes, productive and physico-chemical characteristics and phenolic compounds of grapes were analyzed. Both soil class and harvests had significant effect on productive and physico-chemical characteristics and phenolic compounds of grapes. Soil was more important for productive characteristics and phenolic compounds, while meteorological conditions were more important for the physico-chemical characteristics of grapes. Productive characteristics and grape composition were more adequate to wine production in the 2016 harvest and in Rhodudalfs and Dystrudepts soil classes.

Index terms
Viticulture; Vitis vinífera; Phenolic compounds; Anthocyanins

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E-mail: rbf@fcav.unesp.br

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[TFN0101] ^*
Horiz = Horizon; P = Phosphorus; K = Potassium; Na = Sodium; H + Al = Hydrogen + Aluminum; Al = Aluminum; Ca = Calcium; Mg = Magnesium; granulometry (g kg^-1); OC = Organic carbon (g kg^-1). Profile described and collected by Rodrigo Vieira Luciano.

Humudepts
Horiz.	Depth	pH		Index	P	K	Na	H+Al	Al	Ca	Mg
	cm	water	CaCl₂	SMP	--------mg kg^-1--------			--------- cmol_c kg^-1 --------
Ap	0-15	5.3	5.0	4.7	6.8	55	8	19.0	0.6	7.3	1.5
Ap2	15-33	5.2	4.9	4.7	4.8	53	7	19.0	0.6	7.9	1.2
AB	33-50	4.9	4.7	4.4	1.6	37	5	17.9	3.2	1.8	0.5
BC	66+	4.5	4.5	4.1	0.1	21	5	12.5	4.8	1.0	0.2
Horiz.	Depth	Fine sand		Coarse sand		Silt	Clay	OC	Textural Class
Ap	0-15	40		110		530	330	78	Silty clay
Ap2	15-33	40		110		570	280	91	Silty clay loam
AB	33-50	40		310		270	380	47	Clay
BC	66+	30		70		260	640	35	Clay
Dystrudepts
Horiz.	Depth	pH		Index	P	K	Na	H+Al	Al	Ca	Mg
	cm	water	CaCl₂	SMP	------- mg kg^-1 --------			-------- cmol_c kg^-1 --------
A1	0-10	5.2	4.9	5.1	2.1	84	0	11.9	0.3	4.0	1.4
A2	10-34	4.6	4.6	4.3	0.6	48	0	14.8	7.0	1.6	0.3
BC	34-60	4.8	4.7	3.9	1.2	46	0	15.8	10.1	1.8	0.4
Cr	60-80	4.6	4.6	3.6	0.2	72	2	19.7	17.3	5.0	1.6
C	80+	4.6	4.5	3.6	0.6	86	5	21.8	21.1	7.2	2.6
Horiz.	Depth	Fine sand		Coarse sand		Silt	Clay	OC	Textural Class
A1	0-10	70		190		340	400	70	Clay
A2	10-34	50		180		280	490	44	Clay
BC	34-60	50		110		320	510	25	Clay
Cr	60-80	60		40		560	340	17	Silty clay
C	80+	70		20		820	90	12	Silt loam
Rhodudalfs
Horiz.	Depth	pH		Index	P	K	Na	H+Al	Al	Ca	Mg
	cm	water	CaCl₂	SMP	------- mg kg^-1 -------			-------- cmol_c kg^-1 --------
A	0-29	4.7	4.6	4.6	3.9	97	10	16.1	3.4	1.2	0.2
AB	29-53	4.7	4.6	4.7	0.2	24	4	11.9	2.4	0.5	0.1
BA	53-75	4.7	4.6	4.7	1.0	14	0	11.3	2.6	0.3	0.1
B	75+	4.8	4.7	4.4	1.0	19	0	11.6	3.6	0.4	0.1
C		4.8	4.7	4.3	1.0	17	0	11.3	4.2	0.4	0.1
Horiz.	Depth	Fine sand		Coarse sand		Silt	Clay	OC	Textural Class
A	0-29	50		120		310	520	76	Clay
AB	29-53	40		130		290	540	47	Clay
BA	53-75	50		60		290	600	30	Clay
B	75+	40		50		240	670	29	Clay
C		70		30		400	500	16	Clay

	Minimum Temperature (°C)			Mean Temperature (°C)			Maximum Temperature (°C)			Thermal Amplitude (°C)
Harvest	Sep-Jan	Feb-Mar	Years	Sep-Jan	Feb-Mar	Years	Sep-Jan	Feb-Mar	Years	Sep-Jan	Feb-Mar	Years
2014/2015	11.0	11.8	9.7	15.7	16.5	14.2	21.2	21.9	19.2	10.2	10.1	9.5
2015/2016	11.3	12.9	10.1	15.4	16.9	14.1	20.4	22.1	19.1	9.1	9.2	9.0
		Insolation (h)			Rainfall (mm)			Cold (h)
Harvest		Sep-Jan	Feb-Mar	Years	Sep-Jan	Feb-Mar	Years	Sep-Jan	Feb-Mar	Years
2014/2015		866	379	2.008	1.089	300	2.373	119	0	792
2015/2016		699	341	1.744	1.225	337	2.224	152	1	733

	Soil	Harvest	Soil x Harvest
	------------....%------------....
Number of bunches	47^ns	48^**	5^ns
Bunch length (cm)	84^**	0^ns	16^ns
Rachis mass (g)	71^ns	8^ns	21^ns
Bunch mass (g)	57^**	26^**	17^*
Mass of 50 bunches (g)	53^**	19^**	28^**
Berry diameter (mm)	11^*	80^**	9^*
Number of berries	54^**	33^**	13^ns
Yield (t ha^-1)	17^*	53^**	30^**

Acidity (meq L^-1)	23^*	50^**	27^ns
Must pH	26^**	49^**	25^**
Soluble solids (^oBrix)	25^**	45^**	30^**

Polyphenols (mg L^-1)	91^**	1^ns	8^ns
Anthocyanins (mg L^-1)	85^**	12^**	3^ns
Intensity	49^**	46^**	5^ns
Color shade	77^**	19^*	4^ns

Soil					Harvest
		Humudepts		Dystrudepts		Rhodudalfs	2015	2016
Number of bunches		26.0 ns		25.0		27.0	23.0 b	30.0 a
Bunch length (cm)		14.0 b		15.0 b		17.0 a	15.4 ns	15.4
Rachis mass (g)		5.0 ns		5.4		5.8	5.3 ns	5.5
Bunch mass (g)		104.0 b		138.0 a		128.0 a	113.0 b	133.0 a
Mass of 50 bunches (g)		64.5 c		69.6 b		73.4 a	66.9 b	71.4 a
Berry diameter (mm)		12.5 b		12.5 b		12.9 a	12.1 b	13.2 a
Number of berries		81.0 b		99.0 a		87.0 b	83.0 b	95.0 a
Yield (t ha^-1)		7.8 b		9.7 a		10.1 a	7.4 b	10.9 a

Acidity (meq L^-1)	156 a		147 b		150 ab		145 b		157 a
Must pH	3.3 a		3.2 b		3.1 c		3.1 b		3.3 a
Soluble solids (ºBrix)	19.6 b		20.4 a		20.3 a		20.6 a		19.6 b

Polyphenols	877 c		1257 a		1064 b		1051 ns		1081
Anthocyanins (mg L^-1)	120 b		171 a		128 b		131 b		148 a
Intensity	8.5 b		10.4 a		8.1 b		8.0 b		9.9 a
Color shade	1.0 a		0.83 b		1.0 a		1.0 a		0.9 b