Substrate and quality mangosteen seedlings

An obstacle to the production of mangosteen seedlings (Garcinia mangostana L.) is the long nursery time of approximately two years. Among other factors, the identification of a suitable substrate for seedling production from this species is a preponderant factor to reduce nursery time. This study aimed to evaluate the growth of seminal mangosteen seedlings grown in four different substrate compositions. Growth rate was determined using the following variables: stem diameter, plant height, stem dry mass, leaf dry mass, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass and Dickson Quality Index (DQI). The substrate S1 (sphagnum turf and vermiculite) was superior to substrates S2 (pinus bark and vermiculite), S3 (pinus bark and coconut fiber) and S4 (soil) in all evaluated parameters. The principal component analysis separated the treatments into three response groups, in which S1 exerted the greatest influence on the growth variables, concluding that this one of the substrates tested was the most adequate for the formation of mangosteen seedlings.

Index terms
Garcinia mangostana L.; DQI; rooting

Authorship

Gedeon Almeida Gomes Júnior

Master in Plant Production, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil. E-mail: geda_almeida@hotmail.comUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzBrasilIlhéus, BA, BrasilMaster in Plant Production, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil. E-mail: geda_almeida@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1088-5143

Rafaela Alves Pereira

PhD in Plant Production, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil. E-mail: rafaelapereira2511@gmail.comUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzBrasilIlhéus, BA, BrasilPhD in Plant Production, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil. E-mail: rafaelapereira2511@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4677-9502

Danillo José dos Santos

Graduating in agronomy, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil. E-mail: danillo-js@hotmail.comUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzBrasilIlhéus, BA, BrasilGraduating in agronomy, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil. E-mail: danillo-js@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2791-3371

George Andrade Sodré

PhD in Plant Production, Adjunct Professor, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil. E-mail: gasodre@hotmail.comUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzBrasilIlhéus, BA, BrasilPhD in Plant Production, Adjunct Professor, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil. E-mail: gasodre@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0711-8637

Eduardo Gross

PhD in Plant Biology, Adjunct Professor, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil. E-mail: egross@uesc.brUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzBrasilIlhéus, BA, BrasilPhD in Plant Biology, Adjunct Professor, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil. E-mail: egross@uesc.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1057-0432

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (1)
Tables (4)
Formulas (1)

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Figure 1
Principal component analysis (PCA) of variables plant height (H), stem diameter (SD), leaf dry mass (LDM), stem dry mass (SDM), shoot dry mass (SHDM), principal root dry mass (PRDM), secondary root dry mass (SRDM), total root dry mass (TRDM), total dry mass (TDM), shoot height: diameter ratio (SHDR), shoot: root ratio (SRR) and quality index of Dickson (DQI) of mangosteen seedlings grown on different substrates at 240 DAP.

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Table 1
Values of electrical conductivity (EC), water retention capacity (WRC), humidity (HU), dry density (D) and pH of the substrates used in the study.

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Table 2
Summary of variance analysis of plant height (H), stem diameter (SD), leaf dry mass (LDM), stem dry mass (SDM), shoot dry mass (SHDM), principal root dry mass (PRDM), secondary root dry mass (SRDM), total root dry mass (TRDM), total dry mass (TDM), shoot height: diameter ratio (SHDR), shoot: root ratio (SRR) and quality index of Dickson (DQI) of mangosteen seedlings grown on different substrates at 240 DAP.

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Table 3
Average values of plant height (H), stem diameter (SD), leaf dry mass (LDM), stem dry mass (SDM), shoot dry mass (SHDM), principal root dry mass (PRDM), secondary root dry mass (SRDM), total root dry mass (TRDM), total dry mass (TDM), shoot height: diameter ratio (SHDR), shoot: root ratio (SRR) and quality index of Dickson (DQI) of mangosteen seedlings grown on different substrates at 240 DAP.

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Table 4
Pearson correlation coefficients between the principal component scores for the growth and quality variables of mangosteen seedlings at 240 DAP.

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Figure 1 Principal component analysis (PCA) of variables plant height (H), stem diameter (SD), leaf dry mass (LDM), stem dry mass (SDM), shoot dry mass (SHDM), principal root dry mass (PRDM), secondary root dry mass (SRDM), total root dry mass (TRDM), total dry mass (TDM), shoot height: diameter ratio (SHDR), shoot: root ratio (SRR) and quality index of Dickson (DQI) of mangosteen seedlings grown on different substrates at 240 DAP.

Table 1 Values of electrical conductivity (EC), water retention capacity (WRC), humidity (HU), dry density (D) and pH of the substrates used in the study.

Substrate	EC (mS m^-1)	WRC (%)	HU (%)	D (kg m^-3)	pH
S1 - SP + EV	600	55	50	145	6.5
S2- PB + EV	700	130	60	290	6.3
S3 - PB + CF	800	80	55	350	6.2
S4 - Soil	1000	38	45	720	6.0

^SP
Sphagnum peat
^VE
Expanded Vermiculite
^PB
Pinus bark.
^CF
Coconut fiber

Table 2 Summary of variance analysis of plant height (H), stem diameter (SD), leaf dry mass (LDM), stem dry mass (SDM), shoot dry mass (SHDM), principal root dry mass (PRDM), secondary root dry mass (SRDM), total root dry mass (TRDM), total dry mass (TDM), shoot height: diameter ratio (SHDR), shoot: root ratio (SRR) and quality index of Dickson (DQI) of mangosteen seedlings grown on different substrates at 240 DAP.

SV	DF	Mean square
SV	DF	H	SD	LDM	SDM	SHDM	PRDM
Substrate	3	1184.42*	19.94*	297.02*	19.33*	466.49*	1.64*
Residue	36	4.98	0.2465	0.84	0.1021	1.39	0.0431
CV (%)		14.13	9.84	24.86	24.82	23.67	26.16
SV	DF	SRDM	TRDM	TDM	SHDR	SRR	DQI
Substrate	3	3.83*	8.57*	590.25*	12.39*	51.45*	3.57*
Residue	36	0.0601	0.1381	2.21	0.1389	0.27	0.0442
VC (%)		31.12	26.73	23.29	12.7	17.96	23.21

^*
F Test (p<0.05). SV: Source of variation; DF: Degree of freedom; VC: Variation coefficient.

Table 3 Average values of plant height (H), stem diameter (SD), leaf dry mass (LDM), stem dry mass (SDM), shoot dry mass (SHDM), principal root dry mass (PRDM), secondary root dry mass (SRDM), total root dry mass (TRDM), total dry mass (TDM), shoot height: diameter ratio (SHDR), shoot: root ratio (SRR) and quality index of Dickson (DQI) of mangosteen seedlings grown on different substrates at 240 DAP.

Treatment	H (cm)	SD (mm)	LDM (g)	SDM (g)	SHDM (g)	PRDM (g)
S1 - SP + EV	32.05 a	7.01 a	11.83 a	3.35 a	15.17 a	1.14 a
S2- PB + EV	14.05 b	3.74 d	2.49 d	1.81 d	4.30 d	0.83 b
S3 - PB + CF	15.8 b	5.03 b	2.77 c	2.12 c	4.89 cd	1.12 a
S4- Soil	16.25 b	4.4 c	3.66 b	2.42 bc	6.08 b	0.86 b
Treatment	SRDM (g)	TRDM (g)	TDM (g)	SHDR	SRR	DQI
S1 - SP + EV	1.52 a	2.66 a	17.83 a	4.57 a	5.71 a	1.73 a
S2- PB + EV	0.28 b	1.11 b	5.40 c	3.75 b	3.87 b	0.71 c
S3 - PB + CF	0.34 b	1.49 b	6.38 b	3.14 c	3.28 c	0.99 b
S4- Soil	0.65 b	1.51 b	7.18 b	3.69 bc	4.02 b	0.93 b

¹
Means followed byMeans the same letters in the columns do not differ statistically from each other at 5% probability by the Tukey test. SP: Sphagnum peat. VE: Expanded vermiculite. PB: Pinus bark. CF: Coconut fiber.

Table 4 Pearson correlation coefficients between the principal component scores for the growth and quality variables of mangosteen seedlings at 240 DAP.

Variable	PC 1	PC 2
H	0.91	0.15
SD	0.93	-0.17
LDM	0.99	0.17
SDM	0.99	0.01
SHDM	0.99	0.14
PRDM	0.65	-0.73
SRDM	0.96	0.00
TRDM	0.89	-0.34
TDM	0.89	0.08
SHDR	0.90	0.34
SRR	0.82	0.48
DQI	0.95	-0.31

¹
PC – Principal component; H - Plant height; SD - Stem diameter; LDM - Leaf dry mass; SDM – Stem dry mass; SHDM - Shoot dry mass; PRDM - Principal root dry mass; SRDM - Secondary root dry mass; TRDM - Total root dry mass; SHDR - Shoot height: diameter ratio; SRR - Shoot: root ratio; DQI - Quality index of Dickson.

D Q I = \frac{T D M}{(\frac{H}{S D}) + (\frac{S H D M}{R D M})}

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Métricas

Substrate and quality mangosteen seedlings

PlumX

Mensagem

[TFN0101] ^SP
Sphagnum peat

[TFN0102] ^VE
Expanded Vermiculite

[TFN0103] ^PB
Pinus bark.

[TFN0104] ^CF
Coconut fiber