Advances in fruit crop propagation in Brazil and worldwide-apple trees

Apple production has been an important economic activity worldwide. The wide dissemination and cultivation of apple trees in several regions of the world is due to the development of propagation techniques from its domestication to the present time. Apple trees can be propagated by seeds, restricted to the use in breeding programs, and multiplied by several methods of vegetative propagation, both for rootstocks and apple scion cultivars. Considering the high technological level currently used in apple crop management, plant propagation plays a very important role in order to enable seedling production with high morphological quality and free of diseases, requiring new advances and propagation improvements in new releases of rootstocks and apple scions.

Index terms
Malus domestica; production of seedlings; grafting

Authorship

José Luiz Petri

Agronomic Engineering, MSc. in Plant Technology, Experimental Station of Caçador, Professor of Fruticulture at UNIARP Researcher of the Research and Rural Extension Company of Santa Catarina, Caçador-SC, Brasil. Email: petri@epagri.sc.gov.br Experimental Station of CaçadorBrasilCaçador, SC, Brasil Agronomic Engineering, MSc. in Plant Technology, Experimental Station of Caçador, Professor of Fruticulture at UNIARP Researcher of the Research and Rural Extension Company of Santa Catarina, Caçador-SC, Brasil. Email: petri@epagri.sc.gov.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1485-7171

Fernando José Hawerroth

Agronomic Engineering, D.Sc. in Agronomy, Concentration in Fruticulture of Temperate Climate, Experimental Station of Fruticulture of Temperate Climate, Researcher of Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Vacaria-RS, Brasil. Email: fernando.hawerroth@embrapa.br Embrapa-Estação Experimental de Fruticultura de Clima TemperadoBrasilVacaria, RS, Brasil Agronomic Engineering, D.Sc. in Agronomy, Concentration in Fruticulture of Temperate Climate, Experimental Station of Fruticulture of Temperate Climate, Researcher of Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Vacaria-RS, Brasil. Email: fernando.hawerroth@embrapa.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1138-2457

Gennaro Fazio

Apple Rootstock Breeder and Geneticist, USDA ARS Genetic Resource Unit, Adjunct Associate Professor, School of Integrative Plant Science - Horticulture Section, Cornell University - 630 W. North St., Geneva, NY 14456 Email: gennaro.fazio@ars.usda.gov Universidade de CornellEstado UnidosW. North St,Genebra, NY, Estado Unidos Apple Rootstock Breeder and Geneticist, USDA ARS Genetic Resource Unit, Adjunct Associate Professor, School of Integrative Plant Science - Horticulture Section, Cornell University - 630 W. North St., Geneva, NY 14456 Email: gennaro.fazio@ars.usda.gov

Poliana Francescatto

Agronomic Engineering, PhD, Associate Research. Dept. of Horticulture, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456. Email: pf246@cornell.edu Cornell UniversityEstados UnidosGeneva, NY, Estados Unidos Agronomic Engineering, PhD, Associate Research. Dept. of Horticulture, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456. Email: pf246@cornell.edu

Gabriel Berenhauser Leite

Agronomic Engineering, PhD. Marketing and Communication Management, Researcher at Epagri, Florianopolis-SC, Brasil. Email: gabriel@epagri.sc.gov.br Gestão de Marketing e ComunicaçãoBrasilFlorianopolis, SC, Brasil Agronomic Engineering, PhD. Marketing and Communication Management, Researcher at Epagri, Florianopolis-SC, Brasil. Email: gabriel@epagri.sc.gov.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7479-7409

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (3)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1
Apple tree rootstock cuttings prepared to be emerged into indolebutyric acid solution, aiming at the rooting of cuttings.

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Figure 2
Micropropagated apple tree plants.

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Figure 3
Commercial plantation of apple trees using preformed seedlings.

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Table 1
Production of rootstocks rooted in the layering system, per mother plant.

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Table 2
Apple tree rootstocks of several series of major importance worldwide.

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Table 3
Main clones of Gala cultivar and respective characteristics of fruit skin coloration.

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Table 4
Main clones of Fuji cultivar and respective characteristics of fruit skin coloration.

Figure 1 Apple tree rootstock cuttings prepared to be emerged into indolebutyric acid solution, aiming at the rooting of cuttings.

Figure 2 Micropropagated apple tree plants.

Figure 3 Commercial plantation of apple trees using preformed seedlings.

Table 1 Production of rootstocks rooted in the layering system, per mother plant.

Rootstock	2^nd year	3^rd year	4^th year	5^th year	6^th year	7^th year	8^th year
M - 106	2	4	4	9	11	10	13
M - 111	3	5	7	11	10	8	12
M - 25	2	5	8	12	12	9	11

^Source
INRA, Angers

Table 2 Apple tree rootstocks of several series of major importance worldwide.

Series	Most important clones	Origin
M	M-27, M-9, M-26, M-7, M-25	England
MM	MM-106, MM-111	England
MAC	Mark-9, Mark-24	United States
P	P-1, P-2, P-18, P-22, P-16	Poland
Budagovski	Bud-9, Bud-490, Bud491, Bud-29	Russia
C.G.	Novole, CG10, CG24, CG44, CG 60, CG 80	United States
Ottawa	Ottawa 3, Ottava 8	Canada
Jork	Jork 9
JM	JM 7, JM 8	Japan
MI	MI 793	England
Clones M-9	M-9 EMLA	Unknown
Marubakaido	Maruba	Japan
Others	Nicolai 29 (NIC 29)	France
	Bemali	Switzerland
	Pajan 1	France
	Pajan 2	France

Table 3 Main clones of Gala cultivar and respective characteristics of fruit skin coloration.

Clone	Origin	Fruit skin coloration
Royal Gala	New Zealand	Striped red with greater red area compared to standart cultivar
Imperial Gala	New Zealand	Striped red with darker red compared to Royal Gala and less visible striped red
Galaxy	New Zealand	Striped red
Mondial Gala	New Zealand	Striped red, but stripe not clearly visible
Baigent	New Zealand	Striped red, red color appear early and stripe is marked
Tenroy	New Zealand	Striped red, similar to Royal Gala, but more uniform
Regal Gala	New Zealand	Solid red, no stripes
Gala Must	New Zealand	Striped red
Lisgala	Brazil	Striped red
Red Gala	Brazil	Striped red

Table 4 Main clones of Fuji cultivar and respective characteristics of fruit skin coloration.

Clone	Origin	Fruit skin coloration
Fuji Suprema	Brazil	Dark red, little striped
Kiku 8	Italy	Striped red
Fuji 1	Japan	Not striped red, flat form
Nagafu 2	Japan	Not striped red, flat form
Nagafu 6	Japan	Striped red
Nagafu 12	Japan	Semi-striped red
Akifu 1	Japan	Striped red
Akifu 4	Japan	Striped red
Fuji Irradiada	Japan	Striped light red
Mori Hofu 1	Japan
Red Fuji	USA	Semi-striped red
Yataka	Japan	Striped red, early maturation
Fuji Spur	Japan	Not striped, fruits of flat form and plant with spur habit

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Sociedade Brasileira de Fruticultura Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n , 14884-900 Jaboticabal SP Brazil, Tel.: +55 16 3209-7188/3209-7609 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: rbf@fcav.unesp.br

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Advances in fruit crop propagation in Brazil and worldwide-apple trees

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[TFN0101] ^Source
INRA, Angers