Agricultural and economic characterization of guava production in Brazil

This study was designed to analyze the relationship between guava crop production variables in the Matão region of central São Paulo, Brazil, and to better understand the economic importance of this crop to its growers. Data were obtained through a questionnaire applied during interviews with guava growers and after the data collection, statistical analyzes were made using Chi-Square hypothesis tests. Analysis results indicate a distinct association between the variables variety and plant age, between variety and number of plants per hectare, andbetween number of plants per hectare and yield, while no association was found between yield and variety. The Paluma guava variety spaced seven meters by five meters apart and pruned throughout the entire year was found to be the most common crop arrangement. The mean yield of the plots studied was 110 Kg plant-1. The use of irrigation added 22.8 Kg of guava production per plant, annually.

Index terms
chi-square test; Psidium guajava; variety; yield; economic importance

Authorship

Karine Alessandra Vitti

Engenheira Agrônoma e Mestranda em Tecnologia da Produção Agrícola, Centro de Ecofisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas. Campinas-SP, Brasil. E-mail: karine.avitti@gmail.com Instituto Agronômico de CampinasBrasilCampinas, SP, Brasil Engenheira Agrônoma e Mestranda em Tecnologia da Produção Agrícola, Centro de Ecofisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas. Campinas-SP, Brasil. E-mail: karine.avitti@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-7358

Lilian Maluf de Lima

Dr., Departamento de Economia, Administração e Sociologia, Universidade de São Paulo. Escola Superior de agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba-SP, Brasil. E-mails: lmlima05@hotmail.com; martines@usp.br Universidade de São Paulo. Escola Superior de agricultura Luiz de QueirozBrasilPiracicaba, SP, Brasil Dr., Departamento de Economia, Administração e Sociologia, Universidade de São Paulo. Escola Superior de agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba-SP, Brasil. E-mails: lmlima05@hotmail.com; martines@usp.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2256-7302

João Gomes Martines Filho

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1320-8586

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (5)
Tables (5)
Formulas (2)

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Figure 1
Characteristics of the varieties studied. Number of plants (A), average annual yield (B) and average age (C) according to variety. Each histogram is the mean value +s.d.

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Figure 2
Number of plants per age.

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Figure 3
Number of plants per yield.

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Figure 4
Number of guava plants pruned during each pruning period.

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Figure 5
Number of plants per economic importance (%).

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Table 1
Questions asked for interview with guava producers

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Table 2
Ranges considered for the chi-square test.

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Table 3
Harvested area, production, average yield and production value of guava in 2016.

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Table 4
Harvested area, production, average yield and production value of guava in 2016 in the 23 cities studied in this survey.

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Table 5
Guava varieties and their main characteristics.

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Formula 1

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Equation 2

Figure 1 Characteristics of the varieties studied. Number of plants (A), average annual yield (B) and average age (C) according to variety. Each histogram is the mean value +s.d.

Figure 2 Number of plants per age.

Figure 3 Number of plants per yield.

Figure 4 Number of guava plants pruned during each pruning period.

Figure 5 Number of plants per economic importance (%).

Table 1 Questions asked for interview with guava producers

Questions
1	Farmers name __________
2	Telephone number
3	Total farm area (ha)
4	Total farm area under guava cultivation (ha)
5	Guava variety under cultivation in each plot
6	Number of guava plants
7	Plant ages
8	Spacing
9	Yield
10	Pruning season
11	Use of irrigation
12	Economic importance of the crop to the property owner (% of farm income)
13	Owned or leased land
14	Other crops cultivated on the farm
15	Whether the guava is sold into the consumer market or only to industry
16	The farmer was considering planting a different crop instead of guava

^Source
research data.

Table 2 Ranges considered for the chi-square test.

Ranges	Yield (Kg ha^-1)	Numbers of plants per hectare	Ages (years)
Low	< 125	< 278	< 5
Medium	125 - 250	278 - 556	5 – 15
High	> 250	> 556	>15

^Source
research data.

Table 3 Harvested area, production, average yield and production value of guava in 2016.

Regions	Harvested area⁽¹⁾	Production⁽²⁾	Average yield⁽³⁾	Production value ⁽⁴⁾
Brasil	17486	420809	24065	515830
North	497	6286	12648	9435
Northeast	8743	196445	22469	242691
Pernambuco	4053	130238	32134	161207
Southeast	6672	186280	27920	197701
São Paulo	4817	146943	30505	129855
Sul	1093	20790	19021	48953
Centro-Oeste	481	11008	22886	17051

¹
Harvested area in hectares.
²
Production in tons.
³
Average yeild in kilograms per hectare.
⁴
Production value in in thousand
^Source
IBGE, 2019.

Table 4 Harvested area, production, average yield and production value of guava in 2016 in the 23 cities studied in this survey.

	Harvested area⁽¹⁾	Production⁽²⁾	Average yield⁽³⁾	Production value ⁽⁴⁾
	Harvested area⁽¹⁾	Production⁽²⁾	Average yield⁽³⁾	Production value ⁽⁴⁾
São Paulo	4817	146943	30505	129855
Ariranha	33	831	25182	831
Bebedouro	26	454	17462	197
Borborema	23	713	31000	285
Cândido Rodrigues	30	750	25000	274
Dobrada	8	160	20000	59
Elisiário	4	144	36000	144
Fernando Prestes	5	150	30000	55
Guaíra	32	1856	58000	705
Irapuã	25	875	35000	263
Itápolis	484	16940	35000	6183
Júlio Mesquita	24	960	40000	384
Marapoama	18	441	24500	441
Matão	110	4400	40000	6600
Monte Alto	400	9200	23000	3386
Motuca	8	200	25000	300
Novo Horizonte	2	46	23000	14
Pirangi	280	8680	31000	3624
Santa Adélia	7	280	40000	280
Taiaçu	240	8400	35000	3591
Taiúva	22	822	37364	355
Taquaritinga	612	24480	40000	9045
Urupês	126	4498	35698	1574
Vista Alegre do Alto	300	8190	27300	3002

¹
Harvested area in hectares.
²
Production in tons
³
Average yeild in kilograms per hectare.
⁴
Production value in in thousand reais.
^Source
IBGE, 2019.

Table 5 Guava varieties and their main characteristics.

Varieties	Main characteristics
Paluma	Currently, this cultivar is the most widespread in Brazil. Its plants are very vigorous, have good lateral growth and are highly productive ⁽¹⁾
Pedro Sato	The plants are vigorous, showing good growth, both vertically and side, and are reasonably productive ⁽¹⁾
Seculo 21	This cultivar is the result of crossing Supreme 2 with Paluma. It is a little plant vigorous but very productive ⁽¹⁾
Tailandesa e Cascão	Varieties used to make homemade jams, but not widespread in industry⁽²⁾

^Source
(1) Kavati, 2004. (2) EMBRAPA, 2019.

Formula 1

E i j = n \frac{n i}{n} \times \frac{n j}{n} = \frac{n i n j}{n} i = 1, r; j = 1 c

Equation 2

X^{2} = \sum_{i = 1}^{r} \sum_{j = 1}^{c} \frac{{(O i j - E i j)}^{2}}{E i j}

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Sociedade Brasileira de Fruticultura Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n , 14884-900 Jaboticabal SP Brazil, Tel.: +55 16 3209-7188/3209-7609 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: rbf@fcav.unesp.br

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Agricultural and economic characterization of guava production in Brazil

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[TFN0101] ^Source
research data.