Genetic and chemical characterization of avocado commercial cultivars avocado of Risaralda Colombia

Álvarez, Gloria Edith Guerrero; Gutiérrez, Ana María López; Valencia, Katalina Ángel; Mossos, Paula Sandoval; Rozo, Diana Lucía Suárez; Hurtado, Nathalia Cardona

doi:10.1590/0100-29452020593

Abstract

This research aimed at performing the molecular characterization of commercial Papelillo avocado (Persea americana cv Lorena) cultivars from the municipality of Marsella (Risaralda, Colombia), as well as the physicochemical analysis and antioxidant activity assessment of the pulp and seed. An evaluation of 50 individuals among commercial varieties and possible patterns was performed using 17 microsatellite markers. Proximate analysis of the pulp was performed, and the fatty acid profile of oils, the antioxidant activity by the DPPH and FRAP methods, and the total phenolic content were evaluated. From the cluster analysis, Dice index, and Principal Coordinates Analysis, it became evident that all the individuals showed a tendency to group by populations. In addition, the pulp revealed high fiber contents (4.96–20.64%) and moisture (80.75–82.96%); however, it showed low oil content (5.97–6.56%). The fatty acid found in the highest proportion in seed oil is linoleic acid and that in pulp oil is oleic acid. The antioxidant activity by the DPPH method for seed oil (87.87 to 91.04%) presented a greater inhibition concerning to the pulp oil (20.34% and 24.43%), this same trend was observed by the FRAP method. Concerning the content of total phenols, the seed oil (31.94–76.30 mg GAE g-1) has a higher value than the pulp (30.18–54.30 mg GAE g-1). The set of samples was characterized as a significant source of genetic variability; thanks to the excellent alternatives they provide as rootstocks for commercial varieties such as the ‘Lorena’ cultivars. The chemical classification carried out in this study is of great importance, due to the lack of information about the oil of the ‘Papelillo’ avocado cultivated in different regions of Colombia.

Index terms
Antioxidants; DNA; fatty acids; microsatellites; Persea americana Mill.; total phenols

[TFN0101] ^*N
Number of alleles per population. *He: Expected heterozygosity, *Ho: Observed heterozygosity, *F: Wright's fixation index. *Polymorphism Information Content

Primer	Mating temperature(ºC)	Accession number GenBank	Motif	Primer sequences(5´-3´)	Size (pb)	*N	*Ho	*He	*F	*PIC
Primer	Mating temperature(ºC)	Accession number GenBank	Motif	Primer sequences(5´-3´)	Size (pb)	*N	*Ho	*He	*F	*PIC
AVT.005b	62.0	KC795703	(CAT)₅	F:TTAGCAGCAGATAGAGGGAGAG R:GGACCTGCCTTGTGGATTAG	186	11	0.75	0.4	-0.909	0.567
AVT.020GAT	54.0	KC795704	(GAT)₉	F:CTACATAGATCGAAATAAGG R:ATCTGGCTATGAAATGTTGG	164	12	0.75	0.464	-0.615	0.652
AVT.021	65.0	KC795705	(ATC)₈	F:ACTCTCGCCTCTGCGTTGAT R:GACTCAACATGGTTAGAACAAGGC	136	12	1	0.582	-0.721	0.486
AVT.038	56.0	KC795706	(TCA)₈	F:GATTAAAGATGACCCTGAAG R:GATTTGGCTCAAGATAGATC	190	2	0.75	0.433	-0.733	0.615
AVT.106	66.0	KC795707	(TCA)₆	F:CCAATCAAAAGGCAAACGAAGAAC R:GCAAAGGAGGCGGTTTCGAGAT	309	12	1	0.576	-0.737	0.48
AVT.143	66.0	KC795714	(GAA)₈(GAT)₆	F:CCCAACATCTACTTAGCGCAATAG R:ATCATCATCGTCTTCACCGTCGTT	211	13	1	0.506	-0.975	0.385
AVT.158	62.0	KC795715	(GAT)₇	F:ACGAAGTTACGGGCTTATTTCACA R:TCCACAACTTCTACAGGGTCGT	267	13	0.71	0.379	-0.868	0.289
AVT.191	68.0	KC795708	(ATG)₇(TGG)	F:TCCACAACTTCTACAGGGTCGT R:GGAAGATAACGCACCTTGAGTTC	170	13	1	0.5	-1	0.375
AVT.226	62.0	KC795709	(TCA)₆(CTT)₄	F:GGCTGACTTTTATAGTCGATGT R:TCCGATTGACAGTGGATTGTT	298	12	1	0.589	-0.697	0.501
AVT.386	60.0	KC795710	(TGA)₈	F:ACAACCCAAACATAAATGCT R:AATAGAAGTGACATCCGACC	229	13	1	0.619	-0.616	0.541
AVT.448	60.0	KC795712	(GAT)₈	F:ACGGTGTTTGGAAGAAGATG R:GCACTTCAATCAATGCTTAC	448	13	1	0.586	-0.707	0.49
AVT.517	59.0	KC795713	(GAT)₆	F:AATCCTTCCACTCAGAAACT R:TACACAAACGACAAGAATGG	229	12	1	0.621	-0.61	0.536
AVO.102	58.0	KC795702	(GA)₁₂	F:TTCGCCTTATCAGCGTTAG R:TCTTGGAAAGCCCTACTCC	153	12	1	0.59	-0.695	0.494
AVD.002	66.0	KC795692	(CT)₁₅(CA)₁₃	F:TGCATACTCTTAGCCCCATATGT R:GGATCATTGGTTTTGATAACAGG	327	12	0.75	0.423	-0.775	0.6
AVD.003II	63.0	KC795697	(TC)₁₉	F:TCCCTTCAGTCTAAGATTAGCC R:GACCAACACTATTTGCCCCAC	192	12	1	0.578	-0.73	0.479
AVD.006	58.6	KC795698	(TC)₉(AC)₁₉	F:GGGAGAGATGTATTGAGCA R:ACTTGGTCGTAGATTGTAAAT	314	12	1	0.541	-0.849	0.429
AUCR.418	57.0	KC795695	(GT)₁₂(GA)₁₃	F:AGATGGCTTTCTCCTTCTGA R:TTTGACACACAATCCAACTATG	379	12	1	0.575	-0.738	0.478
Average						11.6	0.92	0.526	-0.765	0.497

População	* N	*N / D	* Ne	*Não	* Ho	*Ele	* F
'Lorena'	35.500	2.500	2,365	0,500	0,997	0,562	-0,804
'Padrões'	6,550	3,700	3,124	0,900	0,993	0,649	-0,564
'Santana'	3,650	2.250	2,128	0,200	0,900	0,495	-0,850
'Trapp'	0,800	1.600	1.600	0,100	0,800	0,400	-1.000
Média total	11.625	2.725	2.304	0,425	0,923	0,526	-0,793

Population	'Lorena'	'Patterns'	'Santana'	'Trapp'
'Lorena'	0.000
'Patterns'	0.336	0.000
'Santana'	0.922	0.674	0.000
'Trapp'	0.747	0.669	0.806	0.000

Parameter	SAMPLING ZONES
Parameter	1	2	3
Ash (%)	0.43 ± 0.10^A	0.71 ± 0.22^B	0.60 ± 0.09A^B
Fiber (%)	20.64 ± 4.28^A	14.96 ± 10.91^A	15.21 ± 6.98^A
Moisture(%)	82.96 ± 2.25^A	80.75 ± 4.21^A	82.77 ± 2.87^A
Lipid (%)	6.17 ± 1.73^A	6.56 ± 2.32^A	5.97 ± 2.37^A
Protein (%)	1.46 ± 0.05^A	1.64 ± 0.41^A	1.62 ± 0.22^A

Parameter	Pulp			Seed
Parameter	1	2	3	1	2	3
Peroxide index (meq O₂ Kg^-1)	2.86 ± 0.71^A	3.64 ± 0.06^A	2.56 ± 0.37^A	2.72 ± 0.00^A	6.38 ± 0.35^B	3.86 ± 0.05^C
Acidity index (% Oleic acid)	0.50 ± 0.06^A	0.78 ± 0.06^B	0.65 ± 0.05^B	2.49 ± 0.01^A	1.38 ± 0.01^B	1.74 ± 0.05^C
Density25°C (g mL^-1)	0.89 ± 0.00^A	0.89 ± 0.00^B	0.87 ± 0.00^B	0.93 ± 0.00^A	0.84 ± 0.00^B	0.90 ± 0.00^C
Refraction index 25°C	1.4545 ± 0.0004^A	1.4592 ± 0.0028^B	1.4513 ± 0.0072^C	1.4678 ± 0.0006^A	1.4508 ± 0.0006^B	1.4357 ± 0.0001^C

Brasil

Brasil

Genetic and chemical characterization of avocado commercial cultivars avocado of Risaralda Colombia

Caracterização genética, físico-química e avaliação da atividade antioxidante de cultivares comerciais de abacate de Risaralda, Colômbia

Abstract

Fatty acid	Pulp				Seed
	Zone				Zone
	1	2	3		1	2	3
Caprylic acid	< 0.1 ± 0	< 0.1 ± 0		< 0.1 ± 0	ND	ND	ND
Capric acid	< 0.1 ± 0	< 0.1 ± 0		< 0.1 ± 0	ND	ND	ND
Undecanoic acid	ND	ND		ND	0.1 ± 0	0.1 ± 0	0.1 ± 0
Lauric acid	< 0.1 ± 0	< 0.1 ± 0		< 0.1 ± 0	0.1 ± 0	0.1 ± 0	0.1 ± 0
Tridecanoic acid	ND	ND		ND	0.1 ± 0	0.1 ± 0	0.1 ± 0
Myristic acid	0.1 ± 0	< 0.1 ± 0		0.1 ± 0	0.85 ± 0.1^A	0.85 ± 0.1^A	0.85 ± 0.1^B
Pentadecanoic acid	< 0.1 ± 0	< 0.1 ± 0		< 0.1 ± 0	0.1 ± 0	0.1 ± 0	0.1 ± 0
Palmitic acid	27.05 ± 0.4^A	24.85 ± 0.5^B		26.2 ± 0.1^AB	16 ± 0.8^A	16 ± 0.3^A	16 ± 0.5^A
Palmitoleic acid	5.65 ± 0.1^A	5.45 ± 0.1^A		6.65 ± 0^B	1.15 ± 0.1^A	1.15 ± 0.1^A	1.15 ± 0^A
Heptadecanoic acid	< 0.1 ± 0	< 0.1 ± 0		< 0.1 ± 0	0.3 ± 0^A	0.3 ± 0^B	0.3 ± 0^B
Stearic acid	0.9 ± 0	1 ± 0		0.9 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0	1.2 ± 0	1.2 ± 0.1
Oleic acid	46 ± 0.3^A	52.9 ± 0.6^B		45.2 ± 0^A	5.1 ± 0.1^A	5.1 ± 0.1^B	5.1 ± 0.1^A
Linoleic acid	14.6 ± 0^A	14.6 ± 0^A		14.6 ± 0^A	28.1 ± 0.7^A	28.1 ± 0.4^A	28.1 ± 0.8^A
gamma-Linolenic acid	ND	ND		ND	1.3 ± 0.1^A	1.3 ± 0^A	1.3 ± 0.1^B
Linolenic acid	1.8 ± 0^A	1.8 ± 0^B		1.8 ± 0^A	5.95 ± 0.1^A	5.95 ± 0.1^B	5.95 ± 0.1^C
Arachidic acid	0.2 ± 0	0.2 ± 0		0.2 ± 0	0.2 ± 0	0.2 ± 0	0.2 ± 0
Eicosanoic acid	0.2 ± 0	0.2 ± 0		0.2 ± 0	0.1 ± 0	0.1 ± 0	0.1 ± 0
Eicosadienoic acid	ND	ND		ND	0.1 ± 0	0.1 ± 0	0.1 ± 0
Behenic acid	0.1 ± 0	0.1 ± 0		0.2 ± 0	0.65 ± 0.1^A	0.65 ± 0^A	0.65 ± 0.1^A
Tricosanoic acid	< 0.1 ± 0	< 0.1 ± 0		< 0.1 ± 0	0.3 ± 0	0.3 ± 0	0.3 ± 0
Lignoceric acid	0.1 ± 0	0.1 ± 0		0.1 ± 0	1.1 ± 0.1^A	1.1 ± 0.1^A	1.1± 0^A

Material	Zone	DPPH (% Inhibition)	FRAP (mg AA g^-1)	Total Phenols (mg GAE g^-1)
Pulp	1	22.29 ± 1.0^AB	0.14 ± 0.013^A	1750.84 ± 54.29^A
	2	20.34 ± 1.1^A	0.12 ± 0.01^A	1581.54 ± 33.06^B
	3	24.43 ± 0.23^B	0.13 ± 0.02^A	1436.04 ± 30.18^C
Seed	1	89.84 ± 0.20^A	0.49 ± 0.02^A	12697.35 ± 31.94^A
	2	91.04 ± 0.60^B	0.57 ± 0.01^B	8522.36 ± 76.34^B
	3	87.72 ± 0.41^C	0.34 ± 0.02^C	8955.89 ± 46.79^B