Soil sampling optimization using spatial analysis in irrigated mango fields under brazilian semi-arid conditions

Silva, Kátia Araújo da; Rodrigues, Marcos Sales; Moreira, Filipe Bernard Ramos; Lira, Aíris Layanne Ferreira; Lima, Augusto Miguel Nascimento; Cavalcante, Ítalo Herbert Lucena

doi:10.1590/0100-29452020173

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Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura

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Soils and Plant Nutrition • Rev. Bras. Frutic. 42 (5) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-29452020173 copy

Soil sampling optimization using spatial analysis in irrigated mango fields under brazilian semi-arid conditions

Otimização da amostragem de solo usando análise espacial em área de mangueira irrigada nas condições semiáridas brasileiras

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Soil sampling is a fundamental procedure in the decision making regarding the management of the soil, thus, a sampling plan should represent as accurately as possible the evaluated crop field. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to suggest a soil sampling approach and soil sampling point allocation using spatial analyses and compare to the classic statistic method in irrigated mango orchards in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The experiment was carried out in three commercial mango orchards located in the region of the São Francisco Valley, Brazil. Soil samples were collected in 0-0.2 m and 0.2-0.4 m depths following regular grids where the number of samples varied from 50 to 56. Soil texture, soil bulk density, soil total porosity, microporosity, macroporosity, pH, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Al, P, potential acidity, and the sum of basis were evaluated. Classical and geostatistical statistics were used to determine the ideal number of soil samples. Fuzzy c-means clustering technique was used to separate the areas into homogeneous zones and to allocate the sampling points. The wide method of 20 individual soil samples proved to be inefficient. On the other hand, the use of geostatistics proved to be efficient and is required for each crop field. The c-means clustering was adequate to separate the areas into homogeneous zones and, thus, to assist the sampling point allocation.

Index terms
Geostatistics; Mangifera indica L; Semivariogram; Spatial dependence

Sociedade Brasileira de Fruticultura Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n , 14884-900 Jaboticabal SP Brazil, Tel.: +55 16 3209-7188/3209-7609 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: rbf@fcav.unesp.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

[TFN0101] ^*
A: A horizont; B: B horizont.

	Fazenda Barreiro de Santa Fé	FazendaMandacaru	Fazenda Sempre Verde
Localização	Petrolina, Pernambuco (9 ° 23'39,37 "S e 40 ° 44'32,91" W)	Petrolina, Pernambuco (9 ° 20'50,58 "S e 40 ° 33'04,51" W)	Juazeiro, Bahia (9 ° 14'59,38 "S e 40 ° 16'58,40" W)
Inclinação	Muito gentil	Muito gentil	Muito gentil
Tipo de solo	Latossolo	Argissolo	Argissolo
Areia (g kg ^-1 )	767 A; 705 B	869 A; 797 B	758 A; 470 B
Argila (g kg ^-1 )	160 A; 210 B	101 A; 165 B	95 A; 362 B
Tamanho	9 ha (797 x 114 m)	4,5 ha (353 x 125 m)	9,5 ha (411 x 232 m)
Idade de colheita	25 anos de idade	26 anos de idade	25 anos de idade
Espaçamento de corte	8 x 5 m	8 x 5 m	7 x 6 m
Irrigação	aspersor (dois sprinkles / planta)	aspersor (dois sprinkles / planta)	aspersor (dois sprinkles / planta)
Fertilização	fertirrigação para N, P e K e aplicação manual para Ca e Mg	fertirrigação para N, P e K e aplicação manual para Ca e Mg	fertirrigação para N, P e K e aplicação manual para Ca e Mg

	pH	Na	K	H+Al	Al	Ca	Mg	SB	P	BD	Ma	Mi	TP	Sand	Clay
		--------------------- cmol_c dm^-³ --------------------							mg dm^-³	------ kg dm^-³ ------			--------- % ---------
Barreiro de Santa Fé
Mean	7.09	0.20	0.29	0.83	0.10	4.51	1.84	6.77	60.02	1.29	0.27	0.25	42.91	83.24	8.28
Maximum	7.76	0.31	0.44	1.16	0.20	6.25	2.30	9.31	249.14	1.42	0.37	0.29	50.94	89.65	14.50
Minimum	6.49	0.09	0.15	0.66	0.10	3.15	1.47	4.97	10.45	1.12	0.20	0.21	36.23	78.04	3.60
CV (%)	4	32	25	15	35	16	11	14	76	6	15	7	8	4	33
W	0.13^ns	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.01^*	0.00^*	0.59^ns	0.67^ns	0.08^ns	0.00^*	0.69^ns	0.43^ns
Mandacaru
Mean	6.81	0.06	0.43	1.06	0.13	2.38	0.82	3.78	14.81	1.12	0.37	0.20	48.28	90.50	4.04
Maximum	7.74	0.13	0.92	1.82	0.20	3.78	1.43	6.16	68.75	1.29	0.48	0.23	56.46	92.50	6.70
Minimum	5.94	0.04	0.21	0.33	0.10	1.54	0.50	2.65	3.27	0.86	0.29	0.16	40.29	87.78	1.60
CV (%)	7	41	42	37	36	22	27	22	86	11	16	9	10	2	35
W	0.56^ns	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.59^ns	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.34^ns	0.07^ns	0.13^ns
Sempre Verde
Mean	6.51	0.26	0.67	1.19	0.05	6.00	2.09	8.91	69.84	1.41	0.18	0.31	40.06	67.80	17.07
Maximum	6.87	0.43	1.21	2.15	0.05	10.22	2.56	11.77	159.75	1.64	0.33	0.34	56.65	77.81	24.10
Minimum	6.20	0.13	0.38	0.50	0.05	3.00	1.50	5.72	22.22	1.05	0.09	0.27	29.86	57.63	9.40
CV (%)	3	28	31	44	0	31	14	20	46	10	35	7	17	7	21
W	0.94^ns	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.01^*	0.00^*	0.45^ns	0.30^ns	0.99^ns	0.00^*	0.01^*	0.01^*	0.00^*	0.03^*	0.00^*	0.65^ns

	pH	Na	K	H+Al	Al	Ca	Mg	SB	P	BD	Ma	Mi	TP	Sand	Clay
		--------------------- cmol_c dm^-³ --------------------							mg dm^-³	------ kg dm^-³ ------			--------- % ---------
Barreiro de Santa Fé
Mean	6.79	0.26	0.53	1.31	0.09	3.46	1.56	5.79	49.33	1.54	0.15	0.29	35.70	80.21	13.13
Maximum	7.37	0.30	0.92	1.65	0.10	4.63	2.10	7.74	224.73	1.72	0.30	0.31	50.52	88.36	20.50
Minimum	6.35	0.22	0.26	1.16	0.05	2.36	1.08	4.41	11.59	1.29	0.07	0.23	27.10	74.44	7.40
CV (%)	4	14	31	16	25	17	13	12	96	7	37	7	17	5	25
W	0.47^ns	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.22^ns	0.14^ns
Mandacaru
Mean	6.76	0.05	0.33	0.72	0.19	1.19	0.65	2.33	37.55	1.45	5.23	0.21	37.55	90.27	4.43
Maximum	8.00	0.09	0.62	1.32	0.3	1.93	0.87	3.71	49.09	1.59	0.29	0.27	49.10	93.17	6.70
Minimum	5.87	0.04	0.13	0.33	0.05	0.60	0.42	1.6	26.86	1.28	0.12	0.22	26.86	86.07	1.70
CV (%)	8	35	38	42	38	27	19	23	14	5	17	5	14	2	29
W	0.38^ns	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.02^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.41^ns	0.26^ns	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.76^ns
Sempre Verde
Mean	6.44	0.29	0.72	1.1	0.06	5.98	1.89	8.82	38.59	1.61	0.08	0.34	31.78	63.94	22.64
Maximum	6.74	0.43	1.56	1.82	0.10	10.61	2.73	13.47	91.98	1.74	0.20	0.38	44.55	71.98	32.70
Minimum	6.05	0.13	0.26	0.50	0.05	3.00	0.73	5.01	2.71	1.36	0.007	0.30	22.32	54.18	14.10
CV (%)	3	27	45	36	35	33	27	24	62	6	59	6	16	9	25
W	0.03^*	0.12^ns	0.00^*	0.04^*	0.00^*	0.43^ns	0.13^ns	0.79^ns	0.00^*	0.00^ns	0.00^*	0.03^*	012^ns	0.40^ns	0.37^ns

Crop field	pH	Na	K	H+Al	Al	Ca	Mg	SB	P	BD	Ma	Mi	TP	Sand	Clay
Crop field	pH	---------------- cmol_c dm^-³ ---------------							mg dm^-³	-- kg dm^-³ --			------- % -------
	0-0.2 m
Barreiro de Santa Fé	4	167	104	35	192	42	20	31	933	6	39	8	12	3	172
Mandacaru	9	271	287	216	204	77	121	79	1620	21	42	14	15	1	191
Sempre Verde	2	128	152	319	1	154	33	64	340	18	197	7	45	9	74
	0.2-0.4 m
Barreiro de Santa Fé	3	34	154	43	97	48	27	24	1494	8	215	8	47	4	102
Mandacaru	11	192	227	277	226	113	57	82	1190	4	48	4	33	1	135
Sempre Verde	2	121	334	213	199	173	118	93	627	7	563	6	44	12	98