Nitrogen fertilization and genotypes of peaches in high-density

Among the factors that affect peach productivity is the proper nutrition of plants, being nitrogen (N) one of the main nutrients for the crop. Thus, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on macronutrient leaf contents, plant development and production of different genotypes of peach trees cultivated at high planting density, seeking to recommend the most appropriate concentration. The experiment was conducted between 2016 and 2018 using peach selections ‘Cascata 1513’ and ‘Cascata 1067’ and with nitrogen fertilization concentrations (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 of N). Pruning mass, trunk diameter, number of fruits per plant, average fruit mass, yield per plant, yield per hectare and leaf macronutrients were evaluated. The increase of N concentration increases the N content in leaves. For the conditions of this experiment the maximum production per plant was obtained for the highest dose of 180 Kg ha of N.

Index terms
vegetative growth; number of fruits; Prunus persica; leaf content

Authorship

Caroline Farias Barreto

Post-doctoral student, Embrapa Clima Temperado, EMBRAPA, Pelotas-RS, Brasil. E-mail: carol_fariasb@hotmail.com Embrapa Clima TemperadoBrasilPelotas, RS, Brasil Post-doctoral student, Embrapa Clima Temperado, EMBRAPA, Pelotas-RS, Brasil. E-mail: carol_fariasb@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5568-5305

Luis Eduardo Correa Antunes

Researcher, Embrapa Clima Temperado, EMBRAPA, Pelotas, RS-Brasil. E-mails: luis.antunes@embrapa.br; gilberto.nava@embrapa.br Embrapa Clima TemperadoBrasilPelotas, RS, Brasil Researcher, Embrapa Clima Temperado, EMBRAPA, Pelotas, RS-Brasil. E-mails: luis.antunes@embrapa.br; gilberto.nava@embrapa.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0341-1476

Letícia Vanni Ferreira

Post-doctoral student, Embrapa Clima Temperado/CAPES, Pelotas-RS, Brasil E-mail: letivf@hotmail.com Embrapa Clima TemperadoBrasilPelotas, RS, Brasil Post-doctoral student, Embrapa Clima Temperado/CAPES, Pelotas-RS, Brasil E-mail: letivf@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1888-7514

Renan Navroski

PhD student in Agronomy, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas-RS, Brasil. E-mail: navroski@outlook.com; jorgeatiliobenati@hotmail.com Universidade Federal de PelotasBrasilPelotas, RS, Brasil PhD student in Agronomy, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas-RS, Brasil. E-mail: navroski@outlook.com; jorgeatiliobenati@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7854-6172

Jorge Atílio Benati

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5970-9175

Gilberto Nava

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8059-1052

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (2)
Tables (6)

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Figure 1
Average temperature (A) and monthly precipitation (B) of the years 2016, 2017 and 2018 for Pelotas-RS. Cascata Experimental Station, Embrapa Temperate Clima, in the municipality of Pelotas, RS.

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Figure 2
Trunk diameter (A), green pruning mass (B) and winter pruning mass (C) of peach genotypes submitted to different nitrogen fertilization concentrations in the years 2016, 2017 and 2018.

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Table 1
Number of fruits of peach genotypes submitted to different nitrogen fertilization concentrations in 2016 and 2018.

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Table 2
Number of fruits per plant of peach genotypes submitted to different nitrogen fertilization concentrations in 2017.

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Table 3
Fruit mass and production per plant of peach genotypes submitted to different nitrogen fertilization concentrations.

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Table 4
Production per plant of peach genotypes submitted to different nitrogen fertilization concentrations in 2017 and 2018.

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Table 5
Nitrogen and phosphorus leaf content of peach genotypes submitted to different nitrogen fertilization concentrations in 2016, 2017 and 2018.

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Table 6
Phosphorus, calcium and magnesium leaf content of peach genotypes submitted to different nitrogen fertilization concentrations in 2016, 2017 and 2018.

Figure 1 Average temperature (A) and monthly precipitation (B) of the years 2016, 2017 and 2018 for Pelotas-RS. Cascata Experimental Station, Embrapa Temperate Clima, in the municipality of Pelotas, RS.

Figure 2 Trunk diameter (A), green pruning mass (B) and winter pruning mass (C) of peach genotypes submitted to different nitrogen fertilization concentrations in the years 2016, 2017 and 2018.

Table 1 Number of fruits of peach genotypes submitted to different nitrogen fertilization concentrations in 2016 and 2018.

	Number of fruits per plant
	2016	2018
Cascata 1513	143	107
Cascata 1067	155	110
F_(genotype)	0.3454^ns	0.8071^ns
N concentrations (kg ha^-1)
0	114.25	69.00
60	134.75	120.00
120	158.75	98.00
180	189.25	154.00
F _{(concentration)}	0.0019	0.0002
Linear	*⁽¹⁾	*⁽²⁾
Quadratic	^ns	^ns
F _{(genotype x concentration)}	0.0607^ns	0.1523^ns

^ns
non-significant for regression analysis
^*
significant to 5% probability
⁽¹⁾
y = 111.90 + 0.4150x (R² = 0.9919)
⁽²⁾
y = 75.30 + 0.3883x (R² = 0.7031).

Table 2 Number of fruits per plant of peach genotypes submitted to different nitrogen fertilization concentrations in 2017.

		Number of fruits per plant
	2017
Selection			N concentrations(kg ha^-1)
Selection			0	60	120	180	Linear	Quadratic
Cascata1513			40.00	49.00	57.00	62.00	^*(1)	^ns
Cascata1067			33.00	102.00	117.00	150.00	^{* (2)}	^ns
Significant _(genotype) gfgbdfb (de geneoacute;tipo)			^ns	^*	^*	^*

^ns
non-significant for regression analysis
^*
significant to 5% probability
⁽¹⁾
y = 40.90+ 0.1233x (R² = 0.9849)
⁽²⁾
y= 45.60 + 0.610x (R² = 0.9199)

Table 3 Fruit mass and production per plant of peach genotypes submitted to different nitrogen fertilization concentrations.

	Fruit mass (g)			Production per plant (kg)
	2016	2017	2018	2016
Cascata 1513	78.85 b	99.88 a	49.15 b	10.53 b
Cascata 1067	111.65 a	63.11 b	61.13 a	17.09 a
F_(genotype)	0.0001^**	0.0001^**	0.0001^**	0.0001^**
N concentrations (kg ha^-1)
0	92.17	83.68	47.43	10.98
60	92.60	75.59	69.58	12.52
120	91.91	83.62	70.68	15.35
180	104.32	83.09	72.38	16.44
F _{(concentration)}	0.0541^ns	0.5180^ns	0.0004^**	0.0001
Linear	^ns	^ns	^ns	^*(2)
Quadratic	^ns	^ns	^*(1)	^ns
F _{(genotype x concentration)}	0.3370^ns	0.9114^ns	0.1555^ns	0.1011^ns

^ns
non-significant for regression analysis
^*
significant to 5% probability
^**
significant to 1% probability
⁽¹⁾
y= 48.513+0.3822x-0.0014x2 (R² = 0.9437)
⁽²⁾
y = 10.9410 + 0.0320x (R² = 0.9731).

Table 4 Production per plant of peach genotypes submitted to different nitrogen fertilization concentrations in 2017 and 2018.

Production per plant (kg)
2017
Selection	N concentrations (kg ha^-1)
Selection	0	60	120	180	Linear	Quadratic
Cascata1513	3.96	4.32	5.87	6.41	^*(1)	^ns
Cascata1067	1.78	5.77	7.61	9.06	^{* (2)}	^ns
Significant _(genotype) (genotype)	^*	^ns	^*	^*
2018
Selection	N concentrations (kg ha^-1)
Selection	0	60	120	180	Linear	Quadratic
Cascata1513	3.72	5.27	7.25	7.40	^*(3)	^ns
Cascata1067	3.35	8.42	8.82	14.80	^{* (4)}	^ns
Significant _(genotype)	^ns	^ns	^*	^*

^ns
non-significant for regression analysis
^*
significant to 5% probability
⁽¹⁾
y=3.805+ 0.0148x (R² = 0.9406)
⁽²⁾
y =2.503 + 0.0395x (R² = 0.9407)
⁽³⁾
y = 3.957+ 0.0217x (R² = 0.9192)
⁽⁴⁾
y = 3.635 + 0.0579x (R² = 0.9171).

Table 5 Nitrogen and phosphorus leaf content of peach genotypes submitted to different nitrogen fertilization concentrations in 2016, 2017 and 2018.

	Nitrogen (%)			Phosphor (%)
	2016	2017	2018	2016	2017	2018
Cascata 1513	3.46	3.75	3.08	0.15	0.27	0.30
Cascata 1067	3.00	3.57	3.38	0.14	0.27	0.27
F_(genotype)	0.1631^ns	0.0665^ns	0.0001^**	0.0008^**	0.9608^ns	0.0001^**
N concentrations (kg ha^-1)
0	2.54	3.36	2.88	0.15	0.27	0.32
60	3.06	3.67	3.26	0.14	0.27	0.28
120	2.96	3.76	3.39	0.14	0.27	0.28
180	3.23	3.85	3.40	0.14	0.28	0.26
F _{(concentration)}	0.0037^**	0.0050^*	0.0001^**	0.1409^ns	0.9608^ns	0.0001^**
Linear	^*(1)	^*(2)	^*(3)	^ns	^ns	^*(4)
Quadratic	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
F _{(genotype x concentration)}	0.6465^ns	0.0980^ns	0.3229^ns	0.8456^ns	0.9132^ns	0.0699^ns
Normal values ^***	3.30 - 4.50			0.15 - 0.30

^***
= values considered normal according to the CQFS (2016);
^ns
non-significant for regression analysis
^**
significant to 1% probability
^*
significant to 5% probability
⁽¹⁾
y = 2.652 + 0.0033x (R² = 0.7501)
⁽²⁾
)y = 3.426+ 0.0026x (R² = 0.8934)
⁽³⁾
y = 2.979+ 0.0028x (R² = 0.8028)
⁽⁴⁾
y =0.312-0.0003x (R² = 0.8526).

Table 6 Phosphorus, calcium and magnesium leaf content of peach genotypes submitted to different nitrogen fertilization concentrations in 2016, 2017 and 2018.

	Potassium (%)			Calcium (%)			Magnesium (%)
	2016	2017	2018	2016	2017	2018	2016	2017	2018
Cascata 1513	2.21	2.63	3.61	1.79	1.51	1.45	0.58	0.46	0.62
Cascata 1067	2.26	2.53	3.53	1.76	1.50	1.45	0.56	0.47	0.63
F_(genotype)	0.46 ^ns	0.13^ns	0.33^ns	0.80^ns	0.96^ns	0.95^ns	0.55^ns	0.51^ns	0.65^ns
N concentration (kg ha^-1)
0	2.24	2.52	3.70	1.79	1.57	1.50	0.56	0.48	0.62
60	2.24	2.64	3.39	1.80	1.56	1.42	0.58	0.47	0.63
120	2.15	2.59	3.65	1.84	1.54	1.44	0.58	0.47	0.62
180	2.31	2.56	3.53	1.67	1.36	1.42	0.56	0.45	0.64
F _{(concentration)}	0.47^ns	0.58^ns	0.07^ns	0.71^ns	0.35^ns	0.81^ns	0.77^ns	0.87^ns	0.81^ns
Linear	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
Quadratic	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
F _{(genotype x concentration)}	0.76^ns	0.57^ns	0.75^ns	0.47^ns	0.76^ns	0.44^ns	0.75^ns	0.54^ns	0.47^ns
Normal values ^***	1.40 - 2.00			1.70 - 2.60%			0.50 - 0.80

^***
=values considered normal according to CQFS (2016); ns non-significant for regression analysis.

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Nitrogen fertilization and genotypes of peaches in high-density

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[TFN0101] ^ns
non-significant for regression analysis

[TFN0102] ^*
significant to 5% probability

[TFN0103] ⁽¹⁾
y = 111.90 + 0.4150x (R² = 0.9919)

[TFN0104] ⁽²⁾
y = 75.30 + 0.3883x (R² = 0.7031).