Table 1
CT angiography parameters for patients presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding, according to data obtained in the literature and demonstrating wide variability(55 Jaeckle T, Stuber G, Hoffmann MH, et al. Detection and localization of acute upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding with arterial phase multi-detector row helical CT. Eur Radiol. 2008;18:1406-13.,1010 Laing CJ, Tobias T, Rosenblum DI, et al. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding: emerging role of multidetector CT angiography and review of current imaging techniques. Radiographics. 2007;27:1055-70.,1111 Jaeckle T, Stuber G, Hoffmann MH, et al. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding: value of MDCT. Abdom Imaging. 2008;33:285-93.,1515 Angtuaco TL, Reddy SK, Drapkin S, et al. The utility of urgent colonoscopy in the evaluation of acute lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding: a 2-year experience from a single center. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:1782-5.,2222 Elta GH. Approach to the patient with gross gastrointestinal bleeding. In: Yamada T, editor. Textbook of gastroenterology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003. p. 698-723.
23 Schuetz A, Jauch KW. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding: therapeutic strategies, surgical techniques and results. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2001;386:17-25.
24 Zuckerman GR, Prakash C, Askin MP, et al. AGA technical review on the evaluation and management of occult and obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology. 2000;118:201-21.
25 Ernst O, Bulois P, Saint-Drenant S, et al. Helical CT in acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Eur Radiol. 2003;13:114-7.
26 Miller FH, Hwang CM. An initial experience: using helical CT imaging to detect obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Clin Imaging. 2004;28:245-51.
27 Tew K, Davies RP, Jadun CK, et al. MDCT of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182:427-30.
28 Sabharwal R, Vladica P, Chou R, et al. Helical CT in the diagnosis of acute lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Eur J Radiol. 2006;58:273-9.
29 Scheffel H, Pfammatter T, Wildi S, et al. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding: detection of source and etiology with multi-detector-row CT. Eur Radiol. 2007;17:1555-65.
30 Zink SI, Ohki SK, Stein B, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of active lower gastrointestinal bleeding: comparison between contrast-enhanced MDCT and 99mTc-labeled RBC scintigraphy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191:1107-14.
31 Lee S, Welman CJ, Ramsay D. Investigation of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding with 16- and 64-slice multidetector CT. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2009;53:56-63.
32 Kennedy DW, Laing CJ, Tseng LH, et al. Detection of active gastrointestinal hemorrhage with CT angiography: a 4(1/2)-year retrospective review. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21:848-55.
33 Al-Saeed O, Kombar O, Morsy M, et al. Sixty-four multi-detector computerised tomography in the detection of lower gastrointestinal bleeding: a prospective study. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2011;55:252-8.
34 Chang WC, Tsai SH, Chang WK, et al. The value of multidetectorrow computed tomography for localization of obscure acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Eur J Radiol. 2011;80:229-35.
35 Sun H, Jin Z, Li X, et al. Detection and localization of active gastrointestinal bleeding with multidetector row computed tomography angiography: a 5-year prospective study in one medical center. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;46:31-41.
36 Yen HH, Chen YY, Yang CW, et al. Clinical impact of multidetector computed tomography before double-balloon enteroscopy for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:692-7.-3737 Fung HS, Kwok PC, Lau S, et al. 64-Slice multi-detector computed tomography for detection of acute gastrointestinal bleeding. J HK Coll Radiol. 2008;11:13-8.).