Effect of age and spacing on biomass production in forest plantations

Eloy, Elder; Silva, Dimas Agostinho da; Caron, Braulio Otomar; Elli, Elvis Felipe; Schwerz, Felipe

doi:10.1590/1806-90882018000200014

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Articles • Rev. Árvore 42 (2) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-90882018000200014 copy

Effect of age and spacing on biomass production in forest plantations

Efeito da idade e do espaçamento na produção de biomassa de plantios florestais

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of age and plant spacing on biomass production of four forestry tree species: Acacia mearnsii De Wild, Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, Mimosa scabrella Benth, and Ateleia glazioviana Baill. The following spacings of plants at the ages of 1, 3, and 5 years after planting were considered: 2.0 × 1.0 m, 2.0 × 1.5 m, 3.0 × 1.0 m, and 3.0 × 1.5 m. The study was installed in randomized complete block design. Biomass was determined by weighing different components of the trees after harvesting. Plant spacing affected biomass production of forestry trees at different ages after planting. Dense spacings produced larger quantities of biomass than less dense spacing. The tree species differed in biomass production: Eucalyptus grandis produced the largest quantity (325.1 t ha^-1), followed by Acacia mearnsii (239.3 t ha^-1), Mimosa scabrella (53.4 t ha^-1), and Ateleia glazioviana (32.1 t ha^-1). Wood biomass represented the biomass component with the largest production over time, which showed an increasing proportion throughout the age groups, followed branch, leaf, and bark biomass.

Keywords:
Forest species; Planting density; Short rotation plantations

Authorship

Elder Eloy ^**Corresponding author.

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Frederico Westphalen, RS-Brasil. E-mail: <eloyelder@yahoo.com.br> and <otomarcaron@yahoo.com.br>.Universidade Federal de Santa MariaBrazilFrederico Westphalen, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Frederico Westphalen, RS-Brasil. E-mail: <eloyelder@yahoo.com.br> and <otomarcaron@yahoo.com.br>.

Dimas Agostinho da Silva

Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia Florestal, Curitiba, PR-Brasil. E-mail: <dimas.agostinho.silva@gmail.com>.Universidade Federal do ParanáBrazilCuritiba, PR, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia Florestal, Curitiba, PR-Brasil. E-mail: <dimas.agostinho.silva@gmail.com>.

Braulio Otomar Caron

Elvis Felipe Elli

Universidade de São Paulo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Sistemas Agrícolas, SP-Brasil. E-mail: <elvisfelipeelli@yahoo.com>.Universidade de São PauloBrazilSP, BrazilUniversidade de São Paulo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Sistemas Agrícolas, SP-Brasil. E-mail: <elvisfelipeelli@yahoo.com>.

Felipe Schwerz

Universidade de São Paulo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitotecnia, SP-Brasil. E-mail: <felipe_schwerz@hotmail.com>.Universidade de São PauloBrazilSP, BrazilUniversidade de São Paulo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitotecnia, SP-Brasil. E-mail: <felipe_schwerz@hotmail.com>.

*Corresponding author.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (4)
Tables (1)

Thumbnail

Figure 1
Mean values of wood, bark, branch, leaf, and total biomass (t ha^-1) of forest species distributed in different spacings, one year after planting.

Figura 1
Valores médios de biomassa da madeira, casca, galho, folha e total (t ha^-1), das espécies florestais distribuídas nos diferentes espaçamentos, um ano após o plantio.

Thumbnail

Figure 2
Mean values of wood, bark, branch, leaf, and total biomass (t ha^-1) of forest species distributed in different spacings, three years after planting.

Figura 2
Valores médios de biomassa da madeira, casca, galho, folha e total (t ha^-1), das espécies florestais distribuídas nos diferentes espaçamentos, três anos após o plantio.

Thumbnail

Figure 3
Mean values of wood, bark, branch, leaf, and total biomass (t ha^-1) of forest species distributed in different spacings, five years after planting.

Figura 3
Valores médios de biomassa da madeira, casca, galho, folha e total (t ha^-1), das espécies florestais distribuídas nos diferentes espaçamentos, cinco anos após o plantio.

Thumbnail

Figure 4
Regression equations (left) of wood, bark, branch, leaf, and total biomass (ton ha^-1) and percentage of biomass (right) of the four forest species: Eucalyptus grandis (A), Acacia mearnsii (B), Ateleia glazioviana (C), and Mimosa scabrella (D), in different years after planting.

Figura 4
Equações de regressão (à esquerda) da biomassa da madeira, casca, galho, folha e total (ton ha^-1) e porcentagem da biomassa (à direita) das quatro espécies florestais: Eucalyptus grandis (A), Acacia mearnsii (B), Ateleia glazioviana (C) e Mimosa scabrella (D), em diferentes anos após o plantio.

Thumbnail

Table 1
Analysis of variance of wood, bark, branch, leaf, and total biomass, of the four forest species, distributed in the four spacings, in the 1^st, 3^rd, and 5^th year after planting.

Tabela 1
Análise de variância para a biomassa da madeira, casca, galho, folha e total, das quatro espécies florestais, distribuídas nos quatro espaçamentos, no primeiro, terceiro e quinto ano após o plantio.

Figure 1 Mean values of wood, bark, branch, leaf, and total biomass (t ha^-1) of forest species distributed in different spacings, one year after planting.
Figura 1 Valores médios de biomassa da madeira, casca, galho, folha e total (t ha^-1), das espécies florestais distribuídas nos diferentes espaçamentos, um ano após o plantio.

Figure 2 Mean values of wood, bark, branch, leaf, and total biomass (t ha^-1) of forest species distributed in different spacings, three years after planting.
Figura 2 Valores médios de biomassa da madeira, casca, galho, folha e total (t ha^-1), das espécies florestais distribuídas nos diferentes espaçamentos, três anos após o plantio.

Figure 3 Mean values of wood, bark, branch, leaf, and total biomass (t ha^-1) of forest species distributed in different spacings, five years after planting.
Figura 3 Valores médios de biomassa da madeira, casca, galho, folha e total (t ha^-1), das espécies florestais distribuídas nos diferentes espaçamentos, cinco anos após o plantio.

Figure 4 Regression equations (left) of wood, bark, branch, leaf, and total biomass (ton ha^-1) and percentage of biomass (right) of the four forest species: Eucalyptus grandis (A), Acacia mearnsii (B), Ateleia glazioviana (C), and Mimosa scabrella (D), in different years after planting.
Figura 4 Equações de regressão (à esquerda) da biomassa da madeira, casca, galho, folha e total (ton ha^-1) e porcentagem da biomassa (à direita) das quatro espécies florestais: Eucalyptus grandis (A), Acacia mearnsii (B), Ateleia glazioviana (C) e Mimosa scabrella (D), em diferentes anos após o plantio.

Table 1 Analysis of variance of wood, bark, branch, leaf, and total biomass, of the four forest species, distributed in the four spacings, in the 1^st, 3^rd, and 5^th year after planting.
Tabela 1 Análise de variância para a biomassa da madeira, casca, galho, folha e total, das quatro espécies florestais, distribuídas nos quatro espaçamentos, no primeiro, terceiro e quinto ano após o plantio.

Table 1 Analysis of variance of wood, bark, branch, leaf, and total biomass, of the four forest species, distributed in the four spacings, in the 1st, 3rd, and 5th year after planting.

Main effect
Factor of study		DF	Mean Square
			Wood	Bark	Branch	Leaf	Total
Species		3	150928.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	923.8^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	3995.3^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	1988.2^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	246092.1^* * Indicate statistical significance, and
Spacing		3	14592.5^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	150.9^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	718.6^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	294.9^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	30310.4^* * Indicate statistical significance, and
Species × spacing		9	2368.2^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	37.6^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	368.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	75.3^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	5780.3^* * Indicate statistical significance, and
^* * Indicate statistical significance, and Significant to the probability of type A error
Year		2	205369.7^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	1282.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	7557.1^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	1763.1^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	344151.4^* * Indicate statistical significance, and
Year × species		6	76511.6^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	270.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	1158.1^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	398.8^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	97449.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and
Year × spacing		6	4027.5^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	65.6^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	174.7^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	78.4^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	7444.3^* * Indicate statistical significance, and
Year × species × spacing		18	1032.6^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	16.6^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	205.1^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	66.7^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	2500.5^* * Indicate statistical significance, and
Block		2	121.4	0.1	16.5	3.0	328.2
^* * Indicate statistical significance, and Significant to the probability of type B error
Coefficient of determination			0.98	0.98	0.97	0.98	0.98
Coefficient of variation (%)			21.9	20.2	21.6	14.6	19.2
Simple effect
Year × spacing × species
Year	1	15	5.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	0.2^ns ns indicates non-significance at a 5% probability level of error, according to Fisher’s distribution	3.8^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	11.5^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	62.6^* * Indicate statistical significance, and
	3	15	4849.2^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	297.5^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	472.7^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	346.4^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	13882.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and
	5	15	52728.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	92.2^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	1266.9^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	340.8^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	74920.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and
Spacing (m)	2.0 x 1.0	11	43933.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	297.6^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	2023.9^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	524.3^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	72874.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and
	2.0 x 1.5	11	29123.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	194.8^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	522.1^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	286.4^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	41976.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and
	3.0 x 1.0	11	25555.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	156.1^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	790.2^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	376.8^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	40474.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and
	3.0 x 1.5	11	17752.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	73.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	289.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	123.5^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	26638.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and
Species	A. mearnsii	11	11281.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	166.2^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	2216.7^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	326.9^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	31548.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and
	M. scabrella	11	1377.6^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	16.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	67.2^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	3.9^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	2482.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and
	E. grandis	11	77115.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	337.4^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	510.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	371.5^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	103629.0^* * Indicate statistical significance, and
	A. glazioviana	11	529.8^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	4.6^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	108.6^* * Indicate statistical significance, and	-	1096.3^* * Indicate statistical significance, and

^*
Indicate statistical significance, and
^ns
indicates non-significance at a 5% probability level of error, according to Fisher’s distribution
(-) indicates no evaluation was performed.

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Sociedade de Investigações Florestais Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP: 36570-900 - Viçosa - Minas Gerais - Brazil, Tel: (55 31) 3612-3959 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
E-mail: rarvore@sif.org.br

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[1] *Corresponding author.