Ahlund et al 4848 Ahlund S, Nordgren B,Wilander EL,Wiklund I, Fridén C. Is homebased pelvic floor muscle training effective in treatment of urinary incontinence after birth in primiparous women? A randomized controlled trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92(8):909-915
|
Sweden |
Postpartum supervised PFMT vs written instructions for PFMT postpartum |
24 wk. |
40 / 42 |
Clinical |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Aksac et al 1414 Aksac B, Aki S, Karan A, Yalcin O, Isikoglu M, Eskiyurt N. Biofeedback and pelvic floor exercises for the rehabilitation of urinary stress incontinence. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2003;56(1):23-27
|
Turkey |
Home PFMT vs Home PFMT + BF vs Control |
8 wk. |
20 / 20 / 10 |
UD |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Aukee et al 1515 Aukee P, Immonen P, Penttinen J, Laippala P, Airaksinen O. Increase in pelvic floor muscle activity after 12 weeks' training: a randomized prospective pilot study. Urology 2002;60(6): 1020-1023, discussion 1023-1024
|
Finland |
Home PFMT vs Home PFMT + BF |
12 wk. |
15 / 15 |
UD |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Berghmans et al 1616 Berghmans LC, Frederiks CM, de Bie RA, et al. Efficacy of biofeedback, when included with pelvic floor muscle exercise treatment, for genuine stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 1996;15(1): 37-52
|
Holland |
Supervised PFMT vs Supervised PFMT + BF |
4 wk. |
20 / 20 |
Clinical and/or UD |
4 (2 / 1 / 1) |
Bo et al 2323 Bo K, Hagen RH, Kvarstein B, Jorgensen J, Larsen S, Burgio KL. Pelvic floor muscle exercise for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: III. Effects of two different degrees of pelvic floor muscle exercises. Neurourol Urodyn 1990;9(5):489-502
|
Norway |
Home PFMT (12 contr. 3x/day) vs Supervised (45min/wk.) and home PFMT |
24 wk. |
29 / 23 |
UD and pad test
|
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Bo et al 3535 Bø K, Talseth T, Holme I. Single blind, randomised controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises, electrical stimulation, vaginal cones, and no treatment in management of genuine stress incontinence in women. BMJ 1999;318(7182):487-493
|
Norway |
Supervised PFMT vs IES (50Hz; 30min/day) vs Cones (20min/day) vs Control |
24 wk. |
25 / 25 / 27 / 30 |
UD and pad test
|
4 (2 / 1 / 1) |
Bo et al 1313 Bø K, Talseth T, Vinsnes A. Randomized controlled trial on the effect of pelvic floor muscle training on quality of life and sexual problems in genuine stress incontinent women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000;79(7):598-603
|
Norway |
Home and supervised PFMT vs Control |
24 wk. |
25 / 30 |
UD |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Borello et al 2020 Borello-France DF, Zyczynski HM, Downey PA, Rause CR, Wister JA. Effect of pelvic-floor muscle exercise position on continence and quality-of-life outcomes in women with stress urinary incontinence. Phys Ther 2006;86(7):974-986
|
USA |
Supine PFMT vs Supine and standing PFMT |
9 to 12 wk. |
17 / 19 |
Clinical |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Cammu et al 4242 Cammu H, Van Nylen M. Pelvic floor exercises versus vaginal weight cones in genuine stress incontinence. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1998;77(1):89-93
|
Belgium |
PFMT + BF (30min 1x/wk.) vs Cones (15min. 2x/day) |
12 wk. |
30 / 30 |
UD |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Castro et al 3636 Castro RA, Arruda RM, Zanetti MR, Santos PD, Sartori MG, Girão MJ. Single-blind, randomized, controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle training, electrical stimulation, vaginal cones, and no active treatment in the management of stress urinary incontinence. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2008;63(4):465-472
|
Brazil |
Supervised PFMT vs IES(50Hz; 20min/day) vs Cones (25min 3x/wk.) vs Control |
24 wk. |
26 / 27 / 24 / 24 |
UD |
4 (2 / 1 / 1) |
Correia et al 3737 Correia GN, Pereira VS, BastosAM,Hirakawa HS, Driusso P. Surface and intravaginal electrical stimulation versus no treatment in severity of stress urinary incontinence: randomized controlled study. Int Urogynecol J. 2013;24(Suppl 1):S23-S24
|
Brazil |
SES (50Hz; 20min; 2x/wk.) vs IES (50Hz; 20min; 2x/wk.) vs Control |
6 wk. |
15 / 15 / 15 |
Clinical |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
De Oliveira et al 2121 de Oliveira Camargo F, Rodrigues AM, Arruda RM, Ferreira Sartori MG, Girão MJ, Castro RA. Pelvic floor muscle training in female stress urinary incontinence: comparison between group training and individual treatment using PERFECT assessment scheme. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2009;20(12):1455-1462
|
Brazil |
Group PFMT (45min, 2x/wk) vs Individual supervised PFMT (30min, 2x/wk) |
12 wk. |
30 / 30 |
UD |
4 (2 / 1 / 1) |
Dumoulin et al 4646 Dumoulin C, Lemieux M, Bourbonnais D, Morin M. Conservative management of stress urinary incontinence: a singleblind, randomized controlled trial of pelvic floor rehabilitation with or without abdominal muscle rehabilitation compared to the absence of treatment. Neurourol Urodyn 2003; 22(5):543-544
|
Canada |
Supervised PFMT vs Supervised PFMT + abdominal training vs Control |
8 wk. |
20 / 23 / 19 |
UD and pad test
|
4 (2 / 1 / 1) |
Felicissimo et al 2424 Felicíssimo MF, Carneiro MM, Saleme CS, Pinto RZ, da Fonseca AM, da Silva-Filho AL. Intensive supervised versus unsupervised pelvic floor muscle training for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a randomized comparative trial. Int Urogynecol J 2010; 21(7):835-840
|
Brazil |
Home PFMT (90 a 180 contr./day) vs Supervised PFMT (50min, 2x/wk) + Home PFMT |
8 wk. |
30 / 29 |
UD |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Ferreira et al 2525 Ferreira M, Santos PC. Impact of exercise programs in woman's quality of life with stress urinary incontinence. Rev Port Saude Publica 2012;30(1):3-10
|
Portugal |
Home PFMT (30 contr./day) vs Supervised (45min. 1x/wk) + home PFMT |
24 wk. |
17 / 17 |
UD |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Fitz et al 1111 Fitz FF, Resende APM, Stüpp L, et al. [Effect the adding of biofeedback to the training of the pelvic floor muscles to treatment of stress urinary incontinence]. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2012;34(11):505-510 Portuguese
|
Brazil |
PFMT + BF (40min 2x/wk) vs Control |
4 wk. |
16 / 16 |
UD |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Gilling et al 5050 Gilling PJ, Wilson LC, Westenberg AM, et al. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of electromagnetic stimulation of the pelvic floor vs sham therapy in the treatment of women with stress urinary incontinence. BJU Int 2009;103(10): 1386-1390
|
New Zealand |
Magnetic stimulaion (10-50Hz, 20min, 3x/wk) vs Placebo/Sham |
6 wk. |
35 / 35 |
UD |
4 (2 / 1 / 1) |
Harvey et al 4343 Harvey MA, Johnston SL. A randomized, single-blind prospective trial comparing pelvic floor physiotherapy with biofeedback versus weighted vaginal cones in the treatment of female genuine stress urinary incontinence: a pilot study. Int Urogynecol J 2006; 17(Suppl 2):S235-S236
|
Canada |
Supervised + home PFMT vs Cones |
6 wk. |
7 / 7 |
UD |
3 (2 / 1 / 0) |
Hirakawa et al 1717 Hirakawa T, Suzuki S, Kato K, Gotoh M, Yoshikawa Y. Randomized controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle training with or without biofeedback for urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J 2013; 24(8):1347-1354
|
Japan |
Home PFMT (2x/day) vs Home PFMT + BF (2x/day) |
12 wk. |
23 / 23 |
Clinical |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Kamel et al 4545 Kamel DM, Thabet AA, Tantawy SA, Radwan MM. Effect of abdominal versus pelvic floor muscle exercises in obese Egyptian women with mild stress urinary incontinence: a randomised controlled trial. Hong Kong Physiother J 2013;31(1):12-18
|
Egypt |
Abdominal training (3x/wk) vs Supervised PFMT (3x/wk) |
12 wk. |
15 / 15 |
UD |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Kaya et al 2929 Kaya S, Akbayrak T, Gursen C, Beksac S. Pelvic floor muscle training added to bladder training versus bladder training alone for female urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Neurourol Urodyn 2014;33(6):864-866
|
Turkey |
Bladder training vs PFMT + bladder training |
6 wk. |
24 / 26 |
Clinical |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Knight et al 3131 Knight S, Laycock J, Naylor D. Evaluation of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Physiotherapy 1998;84(2):61-71
|
UK |
Supervised IES (35Hz; 35 min; 1x/10days) vs Home IES (10Hz, daily during night sleep) vs Home PFMT (6x/day) |
24 wk. |
19 / 20 / 18 |
UD |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Liebergall et al 4949 Liebergall-Wischnitzer M, Hochner-Celnikier D, Lavy Y, Manor O, Shveiky D, Paltiel O. Randomized trial of circular muscle versus pelvic floor training for stress urinary incontinence in women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2009;18(3):377-385
|
Israel |
Paula Method (45min/day) vs Group + home PFMT |
12 wk. |
117 / 123 |
Pad test
|
3 (2 / 1 / 0) |
Luber et al 3434 Luber KM, Wolde-Tsadik G. Efficacy of functional electrical stimulation in treating genuine stress incontinence: a randomized clinical trial. Neurourol Urodyn 1997;16(6):543-551
|
USA |
IES (50Hz; 15min, 2x/day) vs Placebo/Sham |
12 wk. |
20 / 24 |
UD |
3 (2 / 1 / 0) |
McLean et al 1212 McLean L, Varette K, Gentilcore-Saulnier E, Harvey MA, Baker K, Sauerbrei E. Pelvic floor muscle training in women with stress urinary incontinence causes hypertrophy of the urethral sphincters and reduces bladder neck mobility during coughing. Neurourol Urodyn 2013;32(8):1096-1102
|
Canada |
Supervised + domestic PFMT vs Control |
12 wk. |
18 / 17 |
UD |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Miller et al 2727 Miller JM, Ashton-Miller JA, DeLancey JO. A pelvic muscle precontraction can reduce cough-related urine loss in selected women with mild SUI. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998;46(7):870-874
|
USA |
Pre-contraction (“Knack” ) vs Control |
1 wk. |
13 / 14 |
Clinical |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Morkved et al 1818 Mørkved S, Bø K, Fjørtoft T. Effect of adding biofeedback to pelvic floor muscle training to treat urodynamic stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100(4):730-739
|
Norway |
Supervised and domestic PFMT vs Supervised and domestic PFMT + BF |
24 wk. |
48 / 46 |
UD and pad test
|
4 (2 / 1 / 1) |
Parsons et al 3232 Parsons M, Mantle J, Cardozo L, Hextall A, Boos K, Bidmead J. A single blind, randomised, controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle training with home electrical stimulation in the treatment of urodynamic stress incontinence [abstract]. Proceedings of the 34.th Joint Meeting of the International Continence Society (ICS) and the International UroGynecological Association (IUGA); 2004 Aug 23-27; Paris, France. 2004:296.
|
UK |
PFMT + IES vs PFMT + placebo vs PFMT + control |
14 wk. |
82 / 42 / 40 / 20 |
UD |
3 (1 / 1 / 1) |
Pereira et al 2222 Pereira VS, Correia GN, Driusso P. Individual and group pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment in female stress urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled pilot study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011;159(2):465-471
|
Brazil |
Group PFMT (2x/wk, 60 min) vs Individual PFMT (2x/wk, 60 min) vs Control |
12 wk. |
15 / 15 / 15 |
Clinical |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Pereira et al 4040 Pereira VS, Bonioti L, Correia GN, Driusso P. [Effects of surface electrical stimulation in older women with stress urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled pilot study]. Actas Urol Esp 2012;36(8):491-496Spanish
|
Brazil |
SES (50Hz; 20 min; 2x/wk.) vs Control |
6 wk. |
7 / 7 |
Clinical |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Pereira et al 4141 Pereira VS, de Melo MV, Correia GN, Driusso P. Vaginal cone for postmenopausal women with stress urinary incontinence: randomized, controlled trial. Climacteric 2012;15(1):45-51
|
Brazil |
PFMT (40 min; 2x/wk.; 100 contr.) vs Cones (40 min.; 2x/wk.) |
6 wk. |
13 / 15 / 15 |
Clinical |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Sand et al 3939 Sand PK, Richardson DA, Staskin DR, et al. Pelvic floor electrical stimulation in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence: a multicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173(1):72-79
|
USA |
IES (2x/d; frequency not reported) vs Placebo/Sham |
12 wk. |
28 / 16 |
UD |
4 (2 / 1 / 1) |
Santos et al 4444 Santos PFD, Oliveira E, Zanetti MRD, et al. [Electrical stimulation of the pelvic floor versus vaginal cone therapy for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence]. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2009;31(9): 447-452Portuguese
|
Brazil |
IES (50Hz; 20 min; 2x/wk.) vs Cones (2x/wk; 45 min.) |
16 wk. |
24 / 21 |
Clinical |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Sherburn et al 3030 Sherburn M, Bird M, Carey M, Bø K, Galea MP. Incontinence improves in older women after intensive pelvic floor muscle training: an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial. Neurourol Urodyn 2011;30(3):317-324
|
Australia |
Supervised + home PFMT vs Bladder training |
20 wk. |
41 / 35 |
UD |
5 (2 / 2 / 1) |
Terlikowski et al 3333 Terlikowski R, Dobrzycka B, Kinalski M, Kuryliszyn-Moskal A, Terlikowski SJ. Transvaginal electrical stimulation with surface- EMG biofeedback in managing stress urinary incontinence in women of premenopausal age: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Int Urogynecol J 2013;24(10): 1631-1638
|
Poland |
PFMT + IES (40Hz; 20 min; 2x/day) vs PFMT + placebo/sham |
8 wk. |
64 / 29 |
UD |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Wong et al 1919 Wong KS, Fung KY, Fung SM, Fung CW, Tang CH. Biofeedback of pelvic floor muscles in the management of genuine stress incontinence in Chinese women. Physiotherapy 2001;87(12):644-648
|
China |
PFMT + vaginal BF (2x/wk; 30min) vs PFMT + abdominal BF (to minimize abdominal contractions) |
12 wk. |
19 / 19 |
UD |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |
Zanetti et al 2626 ZanettiMR, Castro RdeA, Rotta AL, Santos PD, SartoriM, Girão MJ. Impact of supervised physiotherapeutic pelvic floor exercises for treating female stress urinary incontinence. Sao Paulo Med J 2007;125(5):265-269
|
Brazil |
Home PFMT vs Supervised + home PFMT (2x/wk; 45min.) |
12 wk. |
21 / 23 |
UD |
3 (2 / 0 / 1) |