Oral trichomoniasis in raptors in Southern Brazil

A retrospective study of oral trichomoniasis cases in raptors was carried out at “Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico” of “Faculdade de Veterinária” of “Universidade Federal de Pelotas” (LRD-UFPel) from December 2014 to August 2017. Seven necropsy reports were reviewed. All raptors including Falconiformes and Strigiformes orders were from periurban zones. Four birds were adults, and there was no apparent sex predisposition. Clinical signs included dysphagia, regurgitation, and anorexia. Gross lesions were characterized by multifocal yellow to coalescent caseous nodules adhered to the oral cavity, which extended to the entrance of the esophagus. Microscopically, the lesions were characterized by severe focally extensive heterophilic granulomatous stomatitis. Trichomonas gallinae was isolated in modified Diamond medium of all samples collected from birds. It is believed the transmission occurred by the predation of domestic pigeons (Columbia livia domestica) contaminated with T. gallinae that agglomerate in patios of grain processing complexes.

INDEX WORDS:
Oral trichomoniasis; raptors; Brazil; Trichomonas gallinae; Caracara plancus; Asio clamator; oral trichomoniasis; spillover; wildlife animals

Authorship

Joanna V.Z. Echenique

Graduate Program in Veterinary, Faculdade de Veterinária (FV), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil.Universidade Federal de PelotasBrazilPelotas, RS, BrazilGraduate Program in Veterinary, Faculdade de Veterinária (FV), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil.

Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária (FV), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, Pelotas, RS 96010-900. Universidade Federal de PelotasBrazilPelotas, RS, BrazilLaboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária (FV), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, Pelotas, RS 96010-900.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1586-1965

Mauro P. Soares ^**Corresponding author: gmpsoares@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7427-140X

Mirian Bruni

Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, Pelotas, RS 96010-900.Universidade Federal de PelotasBrazilPelotas, RS, BrazilDepartamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, Pelotas, RS 96010-900.

Nara Amélia Farias

Valéria D. Moretti

Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, Pelotas, RS 96010-900.Universidade Federal de PelotasBrazilPelotas, RS, BrazilNúcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, Pelotas, RS 96010-900.

Paulo M. Bandarra

Ana Paula N. Albano

Hospital de Clínicas Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária (FV), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, Pelotas, RS 96010-900.Universidade Federal de PelotasBrazilPelotas, RS, BrazilHospital de Clínicas Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária (FV), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, Pelotas, RS 96010-900.

Ana Lucia Schild

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2470-4785

*Corresponding author: gmpsoares@gmail.com

Conflict of interest statement. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (4)
Tables (1)

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Fig.1.
Bird Number 7. Bubo virginianus. Oral cavity. Caseous yellowish focally extensive plaque, occupying the left half of the hard palate, compromising the choanae and extending to the esophageal entrance.

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Fig.2.
Bird Number 6. Caracara plancus. Beak and oral cavity. Ulcerative yellow- brown lesion with detachment and jugal bone, mandible, maxilla, pterygoid region, and palatal region necrosis with exposure of the bottom of the eye.

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Fig.3.
Bird Number 6. Caracara plancus. Hard palate. Hypereosinophilic area surrounded by macrophages, giant cells with discrete fibroblast proliferation (upper left) and inflammatory infiltrate containing degenerate heterophils and macrophages in the periphery and center of the tissue. HE, obj.10x. Inset: more massive enlargement of the lower-left corner where degenerate heterophils and macrophages are observed. HE, obj.40x.

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Fig.4.
Bird Number 3. Tyto furcata. Diamond media, direct smear, 100x. Innumerous trophozoites of Trichomonas gallinae after 24 hours incubation. It can be notices the pyriform and/or rounded shaped organisms.

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Table 1.
Epidemiological data and macroscopic lesions of the eight cases of oral trichomoniasis in prey received at LRD-UFPel from 2014 to 2017

Fig.1. Bird Number 7. Bubo virginianus. Oral cavity. Caseous yellowish focally extensive plaque, occupying the left half of the hard palate, compromising the choanae and extending to the esophageal entrance.

Fig.2. Bird Number 6. Caracara plancus. Beak and oral cavity. Ulcerative yellow- brown lesion with detachment and jugal bone, mandible, maxilla, pterygoid region, and palatal region necrosis with exposure of the bottom of the eye.

Fig.3. Bird Number 6. Caracara plancus. Hard palate. Hypereosinophilic area surrounded by macrophages, giant cells with discrete fibroblast proliferation (upper left) and inflammatory infiltrate containing degenerate heterophils and macrophages in the periphery and center of the tissue. HE, obj.10x. Inset: more massive enlargement of the lower-left corner where degenerate heterophils and macrophages are observed. HE, obj.40x.

Fig.4. Bird Number 3. Tyto furcata. Diamond media, direct smear, 100x. Innumerous trophozoites of Trichomonas gallinae after 24 hours incubation. It can be notices the pyriform and/or rounded shaped organisms.

Table 1. Epidemiological data and macroscopic lesions of the eight cases of oral trichomoniasis in prey received at LRD-UFPel from 2014 to 2017

Case no.	Common name/ species	Date	Municipality of origin	Gender and age	Clinical course	Macroscopic lesions	Concomitant diseases
1	American kestrel/ Falco sparverius	12/2014	Pelotas	Adult female	1 day	Extensive yellow erosive lesion from the tip of the beak until the jugal arch on the lower right side of the oral cavity affecting only soft tissue. Near the jugal arch the subcutaneous tissue is swollen forming a 1.5cm diameter nodule.	No
2	Striped owl/ Asio clamator	2/2015	Camaquã	Young female	Arrived dead	Yellowish nodule approximately 1cm in diameter adhered to the soft palate, which partially obstructed the glottis.	Dislocation of the right tibiotarsometatarsal joint with associated myiasis
3	American barn owl/ Tyto furcata	12/2016	Camaquã	Adult male	1 day	Friable yellow-brown plaque extending across the soft palate and half of the hard palate on the left side only. Multifocal necrotic nodules with caseous appearance, whitish and soft to the cut, measuring 3mm in diameter around the tongue and ulcers in the right hard palate about 5mm in diameter.	Severe multifocal pulmonary aspergillosis
4	Southern caracara/ Caracara plancus	2/2016	Rio Grande	Young male	4 days	5cm yellowish nodule extending from the right jugal arch to the mandible branch. Velvety necrotic plaques about 7mm, diffuse around the enlarged tongue.	No
5	Striped owl/ Asio clamator*	10/2016	Pelotas	Adult female	0 days	Caseous, yellow oral plaque lesion occupying the right half of the hard palate with bone involvement and extended to the esophageal entrance. There was necrosis of the cribriform skull blades, sinusitis and palpebral edema.	No
6	Southern caracara/ Caracara plancus	11/2016	Rio Grande	Young male	7 days	Ulcerative yellow lesion affecting the mandible, maxilla, pterygoid region and palatal region with bone involvement of the jugal arch and exposure of the right choanae.	Marked diffuse fibrin heterophilic pneumonia
7	Great horned owl/ Bubo virginianus	8/2017	Rio Grande	Adult female	0 days	Yellowish plaque affecting only the left side, affecting two thirds of the hard palate and the entire soft palate forming a large mass that caused obstruction of the esophageal entrance.	No

* Animals arrived at NURFS with extensive lesions and were euthanized.

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Colégio Brasileiro de Patologia Animal - CBPA Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, Caixa Postal 74.591, 23890-000 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, Tel./Fax: (55 21) 2682-1081 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
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[1] *Corresponding author: gmpsoares@gmail.com