Diseases of wild birds in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Necropsy protocols of the “Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico” of “Faculdade de Veterinária” of the “Universidade Federal de Pelotas” were reviewed, ranging the period from 2000 to 2018. Three hundred eighty one necropsies, 25 refrigerated and/or formaline fixed organs, and seven biopsies were received, representing 413 samples. Most of these materials were sent by the “Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre” of “Universidade Federal de Pelotas” (NURFS-CETAS-UFPel) and were from municipalities within the range area of LRD-UFPel influence. Of the 413 cases 55 (13.31%) corresponded to metabolic/nutritional diseases; 50 (12.10%) to trauma; 35 (8.47%) to bacterial diseases/toxi-infections; 30 (7.26%) to parasitic diseases; 28 (6.77%) to fungal diseases; four (0.97%) to viral diseases and 17 (4.11%) to other diseases. Cases where it was not possible to determine the etiology, were in severe autolysis or were inconclusive totaled 194 (46.97%). Metabolic/nutritional diseases and traumatic injuries were the main cause of death in wild birds’, being Passeriformes the most affected order.

INDEX TERMS:
Wild birds; spillover; wildlife animals; epidemiology

Authorship

Joanna V.Z. Echenique

Graduate Program in Veterinary, Faculdade de Veterinária (FV), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Capão do Leão, RS 96010-900, Brazil.Universidade Federal de PelotasBrazilCapão do Leão, RS, BrazilGraduate Program in Veterinary, Faculdade de Veterinária (FV), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Capão do Leão, RS 96010-900, Brazil.

Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, RS 96010-900.Universidade Federal de PelotasBrazilRS, BrazilLaboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, RS 96010-900.

Mauro P. Soares

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7427-140X

Ana Paula N. Albano

Hospital de Clínicas Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária (FV), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Universitário, Pelotas, RS 96010-900.Universidade Federal de PelotasBrazilPelotas, RS, BrazilHospital de Clínicas Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária (FV), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Universitário, Pelotas, RS 96010-900.

Paulo M. Bandarra

Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre (NURFS), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS 96010-900.Universidade Federal de PelotasBrazilPelotas, RS, BrazilNúcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre (NURFS), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS 96010-900.

Ana Lucia Schild ^**Corresponding author: alschild@terra.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2470-4785

*Corresponding author: alschild@terra.com.br

Conflict of interest statement.- The authors have no competing interests.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (5)
Tables (3)

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Fig.1.
Distribution of traumatic lesions (n=50), according to order and category, diagnosed in wild birds at the “Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico” of the “Faculdade de Veterinária” of the “Universidade Federal de Pelotas” from January 2000 to November 2018.

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Fig.2.
Paroaria coronata (red crested cardinal) adults, pectoral muscle. Marked atrophy of pectoral muscles of both cardinals, severe onichogriphosis and feces accumulation around the cloaca.

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Fig.3.
Bubo virginianus (great horned owl), adult, humerus. Body of humerus exposed oblique fracture in its medial third associated with edema and hemorrhage.

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Fig.4.
(A) Carcara plancus (southern crested caracara), juvenile, oral cavity, oral trichomoniasis. Multiple coalescent yellow tan nodules affecting 1/3 of oral cavity. There is also velvet green plaques covering the tongue. (B) Saltator similis (green saltator), adult, trachea, singamiasis. Multiple reddened areas when opened revealed parasites.

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Fig.5.
(A) Tyto furcata (common barn owl), juvenile, lung, pulmonary aspergillosis. Two tan nodules within the pulmonary parenchyma. (B)Buteo gallusmeridionalis (savanna hawk), juvenile, abdominal air sac, aspergillosis. Marked left abdominal air sac with wall thickening of yellowish caseous material. (C) Phalacrocorax brasilianus (neotropical cormorant), adult, cervical air sac, aspergillosis. Presence of velvet white to green fungal Aspergillus spp. colonies. (D) Phalacrocorax brasilianus (neotropical cormorant), adult, cervical air sac, aspergillosis. Gomori Methenamine-Silver (GMS) reveals septate hyphae with dichotomous branching, conidiophores and multiple free conidia. GMS, obj.40x.

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Table 1.
Metabolic/nutritional diseases (n=55) distribution according to order and age category in wild birds submitted to the “Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico” of the “Faculdade de Veterinária” of the “Universidade Federal de Pelotas” from January 2000 to November 2018

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Table 2.
Bacterial diseases (n=35) distribution according to order and age category in wild birds submitted to the “Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico” of the “Faculdade de Veterinária” of the “Universidade Federal de Pelotas” from January 2000 to November 2018

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Table 3.
Parasitic diseases (n=30) distribution according to order and age category in wild birds submitted to the “Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico” of the “Faculdade de Veterinária” of the “Universidade Federal de Pelotas” from January 2000 to November 2018

Fig.1. Distribution of traumatic lesions (n=50), according to order and category, diagnosed in wild birds at the “Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico” of the “Faculdade de Veterinária” of the “Universidade Federal de Pelotas” from January 2000 to November 2018.

Fig.2. Paroaria coronata (red crested cardinal) adults, pectoral muscle. Marked atrophy of pectoral muscles of both cardinals, severe onichogriphosis and feces accumulation around the cloaca.

Fig.3. Bubo virginianus (great horned owl), adult, humerus. Body of humerus exposed oblique fracture in its medial third associated with edema and hemorrhage.

Fig.4. (A) Carcara plancus (southern crested caracara), juvenile, oral cavity, oral trichomoniasis. Multiple coalescent yellow tan nodules affecting 1/3 of oral cavity. There is also velvet green plaques covering the tongue. (B) Saltator similis (green saltator), adult, trachea, singamiasis. Multiple reddened areas when opened revealed parasites.

Fig.5. (A) Tyto furcata (common barn owl), juvenile, lung, pulmonary aspergillosis. Two tan nodules within the pulmonary parenchyma. (B)Buteo gallusmeridionalis (savanna hawk), juvenile, abdominal air sac, aspergillosis. Marked left abdominal air sac with wall thickening of yellowish caseous material. (C) Phalacrocorax brasilianus (neotropical cormorant), adult, cervical air sac, aspergillosis. Presence of velvet white to green fungal Aspergillus spp. colonies. (D) Phalacrocorax brasilianus (neotropical cormorant), adult, cervical air sac, aspergillosis. Gomori Methenamine-Silver (GMS) reveals septate hyphae with dichotomous branching, conidiophores and multiple free conidia. GMS, obj.40x.

Table 1. Metabolic/nutritional diseases (n=55) distribution according to order and age category in wild birds submitted to the “Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico” of the “Faculdade de Veterinária” of the “Universidade Federal de Pelotas” from January 2000 to November 2018

Order	Cachexia/ Age category	Hepatic steatosis/ Age category	Microvesicular cardiac degeneration*/ Age category	Capture myopathy/ Age category	Vitamin A deficiency/ Age category	Egg retention/ Age category
Anseriformes	5/1A, 3N, 1J	1/1F	-	-	-	-
Caprimulgiformes	1/A	-	-	-	-	-
Coraciiformes	1/1 Ni	-	-	-	-	-
Gruiformes	2/2A	-	-	-	-	-
Passeriformes	17/13 A, 1J,1N, 3Ni	9/7A, 1N, 1Ni	6/5A, 1 Ni	-	1/1 A	-
Podicipediformes	1/1 Ni	-	-	-	-	-
Psitassiformes	3/1A,1J, 1Ni	-	-	-	-	1/1 A
Strigiformes	3/2A, 1J	-	-	-	-	-
Charadriiformes	-	2/ 2F	-	-	-	-
Rheiformes	-	-	-	1/1A	-	-
Suliformes	-	-	-	1/1A	-	-
TOTAL	33 (60%)	12 (21.81%)	6 (10.90%)	2 (3.63%)	1(1.81%)	1(1.81%)

Category: N = nestling, J = juvenile, A = adult, Ni = not informed; * Lesions were observed only in cardiomiocytes, mainly in the papillary muscles of the left ventricle without skeletal muscle necrosis.

Table 2. Bacterial diseases (n=35) distribution according to order and age category in wild birds submitted to the “Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico” of the “Faculdade de Veterinária” of the “Universidade Federal de Pelotas” from January 2000 to November 2018

	Colibacilosis/ Age category	Sepsis/ Age category	Botulism/ Age category	Pododermatitis/ Age category	Salmonellosis/ Age category	Micobacteriosis/ Age category
Accipitriformes	-	1/1N	-	-	-	-
Anseriformes	1/1Ni	1/1Ni	2/2Ni	-	-	-
Charadriiformes	-	1/1Ni	1/1A	-	-	-
Coraciiformes	2/1N, 1Ni	-	-	-	-	-
Passeriformes	4/2A, Ni	7/1A, 1N, 4Ni	-	1/1 A	-	-
Psitassiformes	8/2A, 1J, 5Ni	3/2N, 1J	-	-	1/1 Ni	-
Strigiformes	1/1A	-	-	-	-	1/1 Ni
TOTAL	16 (45.71%)	13 (27.14%)	2 (5.71%)	1 (2.94%)	1(2.94%)	1(2.94%)

Category: N = nestling, J = juvenile, A = adult, Ni = not informed.

Table 3. Parasitic diseases (n=30) distribution according to order and age category in wild birds submitted to the “Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico” of the “Faculdade de Veterinária” of the “Universidade Federal de Pelotas” from January 2000 to November 2018

	Trichomoniasis/ Age category	Coccidiosis/ Age category	Singamosis/ Age category	Trematode hepatitis/ Age category	Hytrichis sp. parasitism/ Age category	gastrintestinal parasitosis/ Age category	Filariosis/ Age category	Nematode Hepatitis/ Age category	Trichomoniasis Aspergillosis/ Age category
Passeriformes	-	8/7A, 1 Ni	3/3 A	-	-	1/1 Ni	1/1 Ni	1/1 Ni	-
Strigiformes	5/4A, 1J	-	-	2/2A	-	-	-	-	-
Falconiformes	3/1N, 2J	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1/1J
Columbiformes	2/1A, 1J	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Pelecaniformes	-	-	-	-	2/2A	-	-	-	-
Accipitriformes	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Psitassiformes	-	-	-	-	-	1/1A	-	-	-
TOTAL	10 (33.33%)	8 (26.66%)	3 (10%)	2(6,45%)	2(6.66%)	2 (6.66%)	1(3.33%)	1(3.33%)	1(3.33%)

Category: N = nestling, J = juvenile, A = adult, Ni= not informed.

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Diseases of wild birds in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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[1] *Corresponding author: alschild@terra.com.br