Evaluation of Organic and Inorganic Mulching as an Integrated Weed Management Strategy in Maize Under Rainfed Conditions

MEHMOOD, T.; KHAN, S.U.; QAYYUM, A.; GURMANI, A.R.; AHMED, W.; LIAQUAT, M.; FARID, A.

doi:10.1590/S0100-83582018360100143

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Article • Planta daninha 36 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582018360100143 copy

Evaluation of Organic and Inorganic Mulching as an Integrated Weed Management Strategy in Maize Under Rainfed Conditions

Avaliação de Coberturas Vegetais Orgânicas e Inorgânicas como Estratégia Integrada de Manejo de Plantas Daninhas no Cultivo de Milho de Sequeiro

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Weeds affect crop growth, health and yield by competing for resources, and they serve as refuge for insect pests. Mulches of different materials have been found to control weeds and insect pests. A field study was conducted at the village of Mang, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, to explore the effect of various mulch materials on weed suppression in maize fields under rain-fed conditions in 2013. Eight mulch materials treatments were used: control (no mulching), wheat straw mulch, dry leaves of eucalyptus, rice straw mulch, grass clippings, living mulch (soybean crop), black plastic mulch and the herbicide Primextra were investigated under a randomized complete block design with four replications. Statistical analysis of data showed maximum reduction in weed density, relative weed density, fresh biomass and dry biomass in all the test species at 25, 50 and 75 days after sowing (DAS) where Primextra and black plastic mulch were used, and this was statistically similar to where rice straw and wheat straw were used. Maximum weed density, relative weed density, fresh and dry biomass of all weed species were recorded where soybean was intercropped with maize and grass clippings were used. Based on these results, it was inferred that the mulch material of eucalyptus and rice straw can effectively be used for controlling weeds in maize fields under rain-fed conditions.

Keywords:
Zea mays; mulch materials; net benefits; weed density; weed biomass

Sociedade Brasileira da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas Departamento de Fitotecnia - DFT, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 36570-000 - Viçosa-MG - Brasil, Tel./Fax::(+55 31) 3899-2611 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
E-mail: rpdaninha@gmail.com

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[1] * Corresponding author: <aqayyum@uoh.edu.pk>

Treatment	Cyprus rotundus	Sorghum halepense	Digera arvensis	Alternanthera pungens	Amaranthus hybridus	Echinocloa colonum	Tribulus terrestris
Control	13.25 a	11.00 a	10.00 a	7.10 a	6.00 abc	15.00 a	7.37 a
Wheat straw mulch	3.25 b	3.00 b	2.50 b	2.50 b	2.25 bcd	3.50 b	1.75 b
Dry leaves of Eucalyptus	2.50 b	3.00 b	1.50 b	2.00 b	1.75 cd	2.00 b	0.75 bc
Rice straw mulch	1.50 b	2.35 b	1.00 b	1.00 b	1.75 cd	1.75 b	0.00 c
Grass clippings	10.80 a	9.62 a	7.75 a	5.92 a	4.62 a	12.37 a	5.50 a
Living mulch (Soybean crop)	10.87 a	9.67 a	8.30 a	5.75 a	4.37 ab	12.50 a	5.25 a
Black plastic mulch	1.50 b	1.75 b	1.25 b	1.50 b	1.25 d	1.75 b	0.50 bc
Herbicide spray	1.75 b	2.00 b	1.50 b	1.00 b	1.00 d	1.00 b	1.00 bc
HSD at 0.05 P	2.29	2.24	2.08	1.74	2.36	2.81	1.70

Treatment	Cyprus rotundus	Sorghum halepense	Digera arvensis	Alternanthera pungens	Amaranthus hybridus	Echinocloa colonum	Tribulus terrestris
Control	10.50 a	11.87 a	10.85 a	9.00 a	8.00 a	13.25 a	7.37 a
Wheat straw mulch	1.50 b	1.25 b	1.25 c	1.50 b	1.25 b	2.00 b	1.75 b
Dry leaves of Eucalyptus	1.25 b	1.50 b	1.75 c	1.25 b	1.25 b	2.25 b	0.75 bc
Rice straw mulch	1.00 b	1.00 b	0.75 c	0.75 b	0.75 b	1.25 b	0.00 c
Grass clippings	9.12 a	9.82 a	7.75 b	7.52 a	6.95 a	11.70 a	5.50 a
Living mulch (Soybean crop)	9.20 a	9.92 a	9.20 ab	7.32 a	6.77 a	12.32 a	5.25 a
Black plastic mulch	0.75 b	1.00 b	0.00 c	1.00 b	1.25 b	1.25 b	0.50 bc
Herbicide spray	0.75 b	1.25 b	1.25 c	1.00 b	1.25 b	1.75 b	1.00 bc
HSD at 0.05 P	1.66	1.60	2.01	1.78	1.62	2.21	1.70

Treatment	Cyprus rotundus	Sorghum halepense	Digera arvensis	Alternanthera pungens	Amaranthus hybridus	Echinocloa colonum	Tribulus terrestris
Control	11.87a	10.12 a	9.62 a	9.80 a	8.62 a	10.45 a	8.00 a
Wheat straw mulch	1.50 b	1.75 b	1.00 b	1.00 b	1.50 b	2.00 b	1.25 b
Dry leaves of Eucalyptus	2.00 b	1.50 b	1.00 b	1.50 b	1.50 b	2.00 b	1.25 b
Rice straw mulch	1.25 b	1.00 b	2.50 b	0.50 b	1.25 b	1.50 b	0.25 b
Grass clippings	10.00 a	8.12 a	6.72 a	6.50 a	7.00 a	8.47 a	6.50 a
Living mulch (Soybean crop)	10.10 a	8.27 a	7.40 a	7.25 a	7.20 a	8.12 a	6.50 a
Black plastic mulch	1.25 b	1.00 b	0.50 b	0.25 b	1.25 b	1.00 b	0.50 b
Herbicide spray	1.00 b	0.52 b	0.50 b	0.25 b	0.25 b	0.50 b	0.50 b
HSD at 0.05 P	1.54	1.51	1.91	2.46	1.83	1.74	1.46

Treatment	Cyprus rotundus	Sorghum halepense	Digera arvensis	Alternanthera pungens	Amaranthus hybridus	Echinocloa colonum	Tribulus terrestris
Control	29.47abc	33.62 a	15.77 a	14.72 a	20.12 a	22.05 a	20.60 a
Wheat straw mulch	13.35 bc	14.10 b	7.05 a	11.67 a	11.82 a	13.67 a	8.22 a
Dry leaves of Eucalyptus	13.75 bc	18.22 b	9.25 a	11.42 a	11.20 a	16.15 a	7.62 a
Rice straw mulch	12.30 c	18.40 b	9.95 a	8.07 a	18.55 a	18.97 a	5.82 a
Grass clippings	21.32 ab	10.00 b	9.40 a	13.60 a	8.65 a	19.07 a	15.75 a
Living mulch (Soybean crop)	22.35 a	9.40 b	11.37 a	12.07 a	13.02 a	19.25 a	14.12 a
Black plastic mulch	12.85 c	14.75 b	10.57 a	12.85 a	9.35 a	18.75 a	13.62 a
Herbicide spray	16.62 abc	18.72 b	11.22 a	7.47 a	10.80 a	15.40 a	19.55 a
HSD at 0.05 P	8.21	14.40	15.05	9.36	12.68	13.88	15.79

Treatment	Cyprus rotundus	Sorghum halepense	Digera arvensis	Alternanthera pungens	Amaranthus hybridus	Echinocloa colonum	Tribulus terrestris
Control	22.5 a	21.05 a	16.55 a	17.75 a	15.45 a	26.50 a	21.57 a
Wheat straw mulch	15.85 a	15.00 a	10.75ab	15.00 a	13.32 a	20.00 a	13.30 a
Dry leaves of Eucalyptus	16.77 a	17.55 a	7.80 ab	14.15 a	12.57 a	23.45 a	19.57 a
Rice straw mulch	19.40 a	15.82 a	2.00 b	6.32 a	11.40 a	23.75 a	10.82 a
Grass clippings	18.17 a	17.65 a	11.45 ab	12.12 a	12.05 a	23.12 a	13.80 a
Living mulch (Soybean crop)	18.07 a	17.42 a	16.02 a	11.95 a	13.67 a	18.55 a	12.15 a
Black plastic mulch	16.00 a	11.50 a	2.00 b	3.55 a	13.27 a	23.12 a	8.37 a
Herbicide spray	16.00 a	16.67 a	2.00 b	6.25 a	4.15 a	11.25 a	8.37 a
HSD at 0.05 P	8.56	12.08	15.44	23.72	14.04	17.80	17.91

Parameter	T1	T2	T3	T4	T5	T6	T7	T8	Remarks
Grain yield	14.46	15.46	15.72	15.62	15.31	15.31	15.87	15.81	t ha^-1
Adjusted yield	13.01	13.91	14.14	14.05	13.79	13.79	14.28	14.22	Less than 10% from actual yield
Value	4657.76	4979.88	5063.63	5031.42	493.15	493.15	5111.94	5092.61	USD 357.90/1000 kg
Value of stalk	389.78	407.15	4232.62	408.87	410.01	402.19	412.88	413.64	USD 19.09/1000 kg
Gross benefits	5047.55	5387.03	5478.61	5440.29	5341.57	5333.74	5524.82	5506.25	USD
Cost of wheat straw mulch	-	38.18	-	-	-	-	-		USD ha^-1
Cost of dry leaves of Eucalyptus	-	-	19.09	-	-	-	-	-	USD ha^-1
Cost of rice straw mulch	-	-	-	28.63	-	-	-	-	USD ha^-1
Cost of grass clippings	-	-	-	-	21	-	-	-	USD ha^-1
Cost of living mulch	-	-	-	-	-	95.44	-	-	USD ha^-1
Cost of black plastic mulch	-	-	-	-	-	-	42.95	-	USD ha^-1
Cost of herbicide								171.79	USD ha^-1
Variable costs	-	4000	2000	3000	2200	10000	4500	18000	USD ha^-1
Permanent cost	520.90	520.90	520.90	54578	520.90	520.90	520.90	520.90	USD ha^-1
Total expenditures	520.90	559.07	539.99	549.53	541.90	616.34	563.85	692.89	USD ha^-1
Net benefits	4526.65	4827.95	4938.62	4890.76	4799.68	4717.41	4960.97	4813.56	USD ha^-1
BCR	9.69	9.64	10.15	9.90	9.86	8.65	9.80	7.95

Treatment	Cyprus rotundus	Sorghum halepense	Digera arvensis	Alternanthera pungens	Amaranthus hybridus	Echinocloa colonum	Tribulus terrestris
Control	23.15 a	22.07 a	18.25 a	17.00 a	16.62 a	23.25 a	16.50 ab
Wheat straw mulch	14.90 a	12.52 a	12.32 a	15.30 a	12.52 a	14.82 a	17.87 a
Dry leaves of Eucalyptus	11.82 a	14.37 a	16.95 a	13.12 a	10.82 a	13.77 a	6.80 ab
Rice straw mulch	9.55a	19.55 a	14.15a	14.50 a	13.32 a	20.65 a	5.00 b
Grass clippings	19.90 a	16.27 a	12.57 a	15.45 a	13.85 a	19.15 a	12.97 ab
Living mulch (Soybean crop)	19.92 a	16.75 a	13.82 a	14.52 a	15.20 a	19.10 a	14.05 ab
Black plastic mulch	9.80 a	19.17 a	5.000 a	13.37 a	15.42 a	22.75 a	9.375 ab
Herbicide spray	14.55 a	16.75 a	12.55 a	9.77 a	16.02 a	20.85a	13.25 ab
HSD at 0.05 P	17.03	9.63	24.20	27.26	24.19	19.08	16.89

Treatment	Cyprus rotundus	Sorghum halepense	Digera arvensis	Alternanthera pungens	Amaranthus hybridus	Echinocloa colonum	Tribulus terrestris
Control	5.10 a	4.22 a	2.77 a	2.92 a	2.60 a	3.10 a	2.40 a
Wheat straw mulch	0.57 b	0.52 b	0.35 b	0.40 b	0.35 b	0.60 b	0.47 b
Dry leaves of Eucalyptus	0.50 b	0.62 b	0.50 b	0.40 b	0.35 b	0.57 b	0.27 b
Rice straw mulch	0.42 b	0.42 b	0.25 b	0.22 b	0.20 b	0.42 b	0.23 b
Grass clippings	3.62 a	3.92 a	1.70 a	1.92 a	1.90 a	2.45 a	1.60 a
Living mulch (Soybean crop)	3.60 a	3.87 a	1.75 a	1.75 a	1.80 a	2.35 a	1.67 a
Black plastic mulch	0.32 b	0.40 b	0.30 b	0.27 b	0.40 b	0.40 b	0.17 b
Herbicide spray	0.30 b	0.60 b	0.40 b	0.32 b	0.40 b	0.50 b	0.32 b
HSD at 0.05 P	0.73	0.61	0.61	0.56	0.69	0.69	0.91

Treatment	Cyprus rotundus	Sorghum halepense	Digera arvensis	Alternanthera pungens	Amaranthus hybridus	Echinocloa colonum	Tribulus terrestris
Control	39.62 a	54.77 a	31.45 a	39.80 a	28.00 a	60.07 a	28.22 a
Wheat straw mulch	8.05 b	10.90 b	5.15 b	4.20 b	5.25 b	11.50 b	8.22 b
Dry leaves of Eucalyptus	8.75 b	8.80 b	5.22 b	7.07 b	7.35 b	8.87 b	5.85 b
Rice straw mulch	5.45 b	6.45 b	4.00 b	3.87 b	7.45 b	8.22 b	3.65 b
Grass clippings	37.50 a	50.00 a	28.75 a	37.70 a	24.25 a	54.25 a	26.75 a
Living mulch (Soybean crop)	35.12 a	49.62 a	28.50 a	38.00 a	25.50 a	57.50 a	25.17 a
Black plastic mulch	5.70 b	5.65 b	1.87 b	1.15 b	5.27 b	9.90 b	2.37 b
Herbicide spray	4.40 b	7.50 b	3.00 b	2.90 b	1.20 b	2.87 b	2.85 b
HSD at 0.05 P	10.86	13.17	10.44	14.62	10.27	11.22	7.72

Treatment	Cyprus rotundus	Sorghum halepense	Digera arvensis	Alternanthera pungens	Amaranthus hybridus	Echinocloa colonum	Tribulus terrestris
Control	2.52 bc	1.50 a	2.25 a	1.87 a	1.55 a	1.75 a	1.57 abc
Wheat straw mulch	1.17 a	0.85 a	0.47 b	0.85 abcd	0.35 b	0.95 ab	0.30 bc
Dry leaves of Eucalyptus	0.52 bc	0.72 a	0.30 b	0.60 bcd	0.30 b	0.47 b	0.27 bc
Rice straw mulch	0.52 bc	0.65 a	0.57 b	0.20 d	0.30 b	0.50 b	0.08 c
Grass clippings	0.82 abc	0.92 a	1.30 ab	1.52 ab	1.05 a	1.37 a	0.67 ab
Living mulch (Soybean crop)	1.02 ab	0.95 a	1.32 ab	1.25 abc	1.02 a	1.35 a	0.90 a
Black plastic mulch	0.30 c	0.52 a	0.20 b	0.37 cd	0.17 b	0.27 b	0.22 bc
Herbicide spray	0.35 c	0.62 a	0.15 b	0.47cd	0.12 b	0.25 b	0.27 bc
HSD at 0.05 P	0.64	0.98	1.44	0.95	0.55	0.81	0.49