Effects of 2,4-D Herbicide on Species of the <i>Digitaria</i> Genus

GAZOLA, T.; DIAS, M.F.; DIAS, R.C.; CARBONARI, C.A.; VELINI, E.D.

doi:10.1590/S0100-83582019370100131

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Article • Planta daninha 37 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582019370100131 copy

Effects of 2,4-D Herbicide on Species of the Digitaria Genus

Efeitos do Herbicida 2,4-D em Espécies do Gênero Digitaria

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the 2,4-D herbicide on the growth and development of Digitaria insularis and Digitaria horizontalis plants under different climatic conditions. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, with 11 treatments (rates of the herbicide) and four replications. Rate-response curves were determined for the 2,4-D rates of 0, 50.37, 100.75, 201.5, 403, 806, 1,612, 3,224, 6,448, 12,896, and 25,792 g a.i. ha-1. The plants presented growth stimulus with low rates of 2,4-D in the autumn-winter period, but this stimulus was not found in the spring-summer period. The plants subjected to application of high rates of 2,4-D had significantly lower growth and development than the control, regardless of the climatic conditions. Therefore, auxin herbicides must be used with caution, mainly in periods of low temperatures, because any problems related to the application technology - which may cause the contact of plants with low rates of this herbicide - will promote the growth of plants of these species, hindering the control and favoring the dispersion of these plants.

Keywords:
synthetic auxin; Digitaria insularis; Digitaria horizontalis; hormesis

Authorship

T. GAZOLA ^** Corresponding author: <tiago-gazola@hotmail.com>

Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brasil.Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, UNESPBrazilBotucatu, SP, Brazil Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9664-3892

M.F. DIAS

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6015-4114

R.C. DIAS

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5433-5373

C.A. CARBONARI

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0383-2529

E.D. VELINI

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0431-5942

* Corresponding author: <tiago-gazola@hotmail.com>

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (4)
Tables (3)
Formulas (4)

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Figure 1
Maximum, minimum, and average temperatures in the periods in which the experiments were conducted.

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Figure 2
Plant height curves for Digitaria insularis and Digitaria horizontalis plants grown in the autumn-winter period, at 7 and 21 days after application of 2,4-D (DAA).

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Figure 3
Plant height curves for Digitaria insularis and Digitaria horizontalis plants grown in the spring-summer period, at 7 and 21 days after application of 2,4-D (DAA).

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Figure 4
Shoot dry weight curves for Digitaria insularis and Digitaria horizontalis plants grown in the autumn-winter (A) and spring-summer (B) periods, at 7 and 21 days after application of 2,4-D (DAA).

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Table 1
Height of Digitaria insularis and Digitaria horizontalis plants grown in the autumn-winter period, at 7 and 21 days after application of 2,4-D (DAA)

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Table 2
Height of Digitaria insularis and Digitaria horizontalis plants grown in the spring-summer period, at 7 and 21 days after application of 2,4-D (DAA)

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Table 3
Shoot dry weight of Digitaria insularis and Digitaria horizontalis plants at 7 and 21 days after application of 2,4-D (DAA)

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(eq. 1)

Thumbnail

(eq. 2)

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(eq. 3)

Figure 1 Maximum, minimum, and average temperatures in the periods in which the experiments were conducted.

Figure 2 Plant height curves for Digitaria insularis and Digitaria horizontalis plants grown in the autumn-winter period, at 7 and 21 days after application of 2,4-D (DAA).

BC.5 = Brain and Cousens (1989Brain P, Cousens R. An equation to describe dose responses where there is stimulation of growth at low doses. Weed Res. 1989;29:93-6.) model. The graphics are in logarithmical scale.

Figure 3 Plant height curves for Digitaria insularis and Digitaria horizontalis plants grown in the spring-summer period, at 7 and 21 days after application of 2,4-D (DAA).

LL.3 = Streibig (1988Streibig JC. Herbicide bioassay. Weed Res. 1988;28:479-84.) equation. The graphics are in logarithmical scale.

Figure 4 Shoot dry weight curves for Digitaria insularis and Digitaria horizontalis plants grown in the autumn-winter (A) and spring-summer (B) periods, at 7 and 21 days after application of 2,4-D (DAA).

BC.5 = Brain and Cousens (1989Brain P, Cousens R. An equation to describe dose responses where there is stimulation of growth at low doses. Weed Res. 1989;29:93-6.) model. LL.3 = Streibig (1988Streibig JC. Herbicide bioassay. Weed Res. 1988;28:479-84.) equation. The graphics are in logarithmical scale.

Table 1 Height of Digitaria insularis and Digitaria horizontalis plants grown in the autumn-winter period, at 7 and 21 days after application of 2,4-D (DAA)

2,4-D (g a.i. ha^-1)	Plant height (cm)
	7 DAA	21 DAA	7 DAA	21 DAA
	D. insularis		D. horizontalis
0	7.50	12.13	21.38	28.50
50.375	8.50	15.88	24.38	30.50
100.75	8.75	16.88	23.50	32.25
201.5	8.50	16.25	23.00	30.75
403	7.50	16.50	23.00	25.00
806	7.00	9.50	21.25	23.75
1612	7.00	8.38	17.25	23.00
3224	6.88	6.88	17.13	18.75
6448	6.75	6.50	15.75	19.25
12896	5.75	5.50	15.75	22.00
25792	5.12	4.25	12.50	17.50
CV (%)	16.18	16.09	16.18	17.81
F value:
Rates	3.75**	31.75**	2.97*	5.59**
Hypothesis f ≠ 0	1250.36**	1014.30**	456.57**	322.53**
Regression	7.82**	75.72**	7.12**	13.03**
Model	BC.5	BC.5	BC.5	BC.5
R²	0.83	0.95	0.96	0.93
Constants	g=19.14	g=245.70	g=111.30	g=171.22
	b=7.52	b=12.09	b=21.48	b=28.26
	k=0.95	k=1.82	k=1.15	k=1.83
	d=-0.58	d=0.06	d=0.21	d=0.08
	f=20.6	f=4.61	f=3.10	f=19.06

** = significant at p≤0.01 and * = significant at p≤0.05. BC.5 =Brain and Cousens (1989Brain P, Cousens R. An equation to describe dose responses where there is stimulation of growth at low doses. Weed Res. 1989;29:93-6.) model. CV = coefficient of variation.

Table 2 Height of Digitaria insularis and Digitaria horizontalis plants grown in the spring-summer period, at 7 and 21 days after application of 2,4-D (DAA)

2,4-D (g a.i. ha^-1)	Plant height (cm)
	7 DAA	21 DAA	7 DAA	21 DAA
	D. insularis		D. horizontalis
0	17.42	21.33	32.83	35.50
50.375	15.08	19.17	29.83	32.58
100.75	13.67	16.92	29.08	34.00
201.5	11.17	13.50	29.08	30.98
403	12.58	13.42	28.42	30.08
806	10.46	10.67	25.33	30.75
1612	6.75	10.25	25.08	24.25
3224	7.46	5.83	21.42	24.92
6448	8.66	5.64	22.41	25.66
12896	4.55	3.25	20.16	20.66
25792	3.55	1.83	15.91	18.66
CV (%)	22.79	17.59	19.16	21.66
F value:
Rates	14.58**	44.34**	4.27**	3.30**
Hypothesis f ≠ 0	626.12^ns	913.28^ns	196.56^ns	440.42^ns
Regression	69.15**	147.30**	22.96**	23.46**
Model	LL.3	LL.3	LL.3	LL.3
R²	0.87	0.93	0.72	0.73
Constants	a=17.54	a=21.47	a=32.71	a=35.73
	b=0.43	b=0.60	b=0.38	b=0.38
	X0=1651.95	X0=860.87	X0=30973.58	X0=33453.04

** significant at p≤0.01, * significant at p≤0.05, and ns not significant. LL.3 =Streibig (1988Streibig JC. Herbicide bioassay. Weed Res. 1988;28:479-84.) equation. CV = coefficient of variation.

Table 3 Shoot dry weight of Digitaria insularis and Digitaria horizontalis plants at 7 and 21 days after application of 2,4-D (DAA)

2,4-D (g a.i. ha^-1)	Shoot dry weight (%)
2,4-D (g a.i. ha^-1)	D. insularis - E1	D. horizontalis - E1	D. insularis - E2	D. horizontalis - E2
0	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
50.375	100.99	119.66	56.38	96.93
100.75	107.56	113.51	61.79	95.19
201.5	98.36	112.63	46.49	95.59
403	85.63	110.32	51.57	86.93
806	57.86	96.95	42.05	85.71
1612	46.74	81.86	31.11	82.27
3224	29.94	96.87	22.07	76.29
6448	20.53	81.21	23.64	68.91
12896	15.85	73.54	18.88	57.55
25792	10.94	53.03	5.52	42.52
CV (%)	26.82	18.68	26.96	26.72
F value:
Rates	21.67**	5.27**	21.41**	2.82*
Hypothesis f ≠ 0	118.03**	1305.79**	-6.69^ns	617.52^ns
Regression	53.97**	11.97**	83.45**	36.56*
Model	BC.5	BC.5	LL.3	LL.3
R²	1.00	0.91	0.89	0.80
Constants	g=329.52	g=26.81	a=99.01	a=98.56
	b=98.86	b=101.62	b=0.39	b=0.64
	k=1.47	k=0.82	X0=231.17	X0=20012.95
	d=0.23	d=-1.05	-	-
	f=1.56	f=154.20	-	-

** significant at p≤0.01, * significant at p≤0.05, and ns not significant. E1 = Experiment 1 (autumn-winter period). E2 = Experiment 2 (spring-summer period). LL.3 = Streibig (1988Streibig JC. Herbicide bioassay. Weed Res. 1988;28:479-84.) equation. CV = coefficient of variation.

(eq. 1)

f (x) = c + \frac{d - c + f x}{1 + e x p (b (\log (x) - \log (e)))}

(eq. 2)

f (x) = c + \frac{d - c}{1 + e x p (b (\log (x) - \log (e)))}

f = \frac{S s e q u a t i o n 2 - S s e q u a t i o n 1}{M S R}

(eq. 3)

y = \frac{a}{1 + (\frac{x}{x 0}) b}

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Sociedade Brasileira da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas Departamento de Fitotecnia - DFT, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 36570-000 - Viçosa-MG - Brasil, Tel./Fax::(+55 31) 3899-2611 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
E-mail: rpdaninha@gmail.com

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Effects of 2,4-D Herbicide on Species of the <i>Digitaria</i> Genus

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[1] * Corresponding author: <tiago-gazola@hotmail.com>