Ultrasound-assisted extraction of fructans from agave (<i>Agave tequilana</i> Weber var. azul) at different ultrasound powers and solid-liquid ratios

SÁNCHEZ-MADRIGAL, Miguel Ángel; AMAYA-GUERRA, Carlos Abel; QUINTERO-RAMOS, Armando; BÁEZ-GONZÁLEZ, Juan Gabriel; NÚÑEZ-GONZÁLEZ, María Adriana; RUIZ-GUTIÉRREZ, Martha Graciela; GARZÓN-TIZNADO, José Antonio

doi:10.1590/1678-457X.21116

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Research Paper • Food Sci. Technol (Campinas) 37 (2) • Apr-Jun 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-457X.21116 copy

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of fructans from agave (Agave tequilana Weber var. azul) at different ultrasound powers and solid-liquid ratios

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The effects of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) at different ultrasound power densities (UPDs; 40, 80, and 120 mW/mL) and solid:liquid (S:L) ratio (1:2, 1:3, and 1:6) on the extraction of carbohydrates from Agave tequilana plant of different ages were evaluated. Extracts obtained (6- and 7-year-old plant) were analyzed in the yield of carbohydrates (YC), fructan (FRU) content, simple sugars, fructan profile and the average degree of polymerization (DP_n). UPD, S:L ratio, and plant age all affected YC, FRU, and DP_n. Maximum YC and FRU were obtained from the older agave with UPD and S:L ratio of 120 mW/mL and 1:6, respectively; while glucose, fructose, and sucrose were highly released from the younger plant. Agave of 7-year-old presented the highest DP_n. Fructan degradation occurred at high UPD, increasing the simple sugars and decreasing the DP_n. Thermal-traditional extraction without sonication caused more fructan degradation; and overall, ultrasound enhanced fructan extraction and minimized fructan damage, representing a technological alternative for fructan extraction from agave.

Keywords:
agave; fructans; ultrasound; power density; solid:liquid ratio; plant age

Properties	Age (years)
Properties	6	7
Diameter (cm)	116.0 ± 0.50^b	118.1 ± 0.40^a
Weight (kg)	33.80 ± 0.08^b	34.73 ± 0.01^a
ºBrix	2.00 ± 0.08^b	2.25 ± 0.05^a
pH	4.91 ± 0.04^b	5.22 ± 0.08^a
Proximate composition (%)
Moisture	64.57 ± 0.19^a	63.21 ± 0.48^b
Crude fiber	2.51 ± 0.06^a	2.49 ± 0.01^a
Ash	0.96 ± 0.03^b	1.16 ± 0.05^a
Protein	0.46 ± 0.01^b	0.75 ± 0.02^a
Fat	0.15 ± 0.05^a	0.16 ± 0.03^a
Carbohydrates	31.36 ± 0.22^b	32.20 ± 0.02^a

Source	DF	YC	FRU	DP_n
Age	1	0.000	0.000	0.000
UPD	2	0.000	0.000	0.000
S:L ratio	2	0.000	0.000	0.000
Age*UPD	2	0.002	0.098	0.000
Age*S:L ratio	2	0.289	0.036	0.110
UPD*S:L ratio	4	0.558	0.062	0.000
AgeUPDS:L ratio	4	0.006	0.893	0.096

6 years
Determinations	S:L ratio	UPD (mW/mL)				Control 90 ºC
Determinations	S:L ratio	0	40	80	120	Control 90 ºC
YC (%)	1:2 1:3 1:6	12.22 ± 0.51^g	13.28 ± 1.17^g	14.50 ± 1.30^efg	15.97 ± 1.14^def	20.08 ± 1.99^ab
		12.55 ± 0.62^g	13.64 ± 1.35^fg	16.87 ± 1.66^cde	18.82 ± 0.69^abc
		12.73 ± 0.62^g	14.43 ± 1.56^efg	17.59 ± 1.32^bcd	20.14 ± 1.47^a
FRU (g/100 g d.m.)	1:2 1:3 1:6	30.79 ± 0.07^f	32.71 ± 0.57^ef	35.70 ± 0.93^de	38.50 ± 1.63^cd	53.28 ± 0.57^a
		32.78 ± 0.07^ef	35.09 ± 1.28^e	38.50 ± 1.20^cd	41.75 ± 0.45^c
		38.53 ± 0.40^cd	40.40 ± 0.96^c	41.69 ± 0.40^c	47.38 ± 0.78^b
DP_n	1:2 1:3 1:6	15.16 ± 0.42^ab	14.85 ± 0.02^b	14.76 ± 0.05^b	14.61 ± 0.20^b	11.79 ± 0.13^d
		14.93 ± 0.30^b	15.08 ± 0.55^ab	15.72 ± 0.03^a	14.68 ± 0.30^b
		14.94 ± 0.49^b	15.13 ± 0.37^ab	14.92 ± 0.18^b	13.69 ± 0.31^c
7 years
YC (%)	1:2	12.99 ± 0.52^f	14.84 ± 0.25^e	16.86 ± 0.31^d	18.11 ± 0.46^cd	20.16 ± 1.03^ab
	1:3	13.28 ± 0.82^f	16.76 ± 1.03^d	17.70 ± 1.03^cd	19.60 ± 0.64^ab
	1:6	15.27 ± 0.29^e	18.90 ± 0.25^bc	19.64 ± 1.23^ab	20.77 ± 0.67^a
FRU (g/100 g d.m.)	1:2	33.03 ± 0.45ⁱ	34.23 ± 0.48^hi	37.94 ± 0.87^efg	40.63 ± 0.84^def	58.62 ± 0.63^a
	1:3	36.51 ± 1.21^ghi	37.60 ± 0.61^fgh	43.67 ± 1.62^cd	45.79 ± 0.47^c
	1:6	41.50 ± 0.01^e	43.32 ± 0.24^cd	46.77 ± 0.56^c	51.35 ± 1.84^b
DP_n	1:2	16.60 ± 0.25^bcd	16.88 ± 0.14^bc	16.08 ± 0.03^d	14.67 ± 0.07^e	11.89 ± 0.01^g
	1:3	16.38 ± 0.04^cd	18.05 ± 0.03^a	17.12 ± 0.04^b	14.77 ± 0.71^e
	1:6	16.41 ± 0.01^cd	17.82 ± 0.04^a	15.98 ± 0.01^d	13.70 ± 0.47^f

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[1] *Corresponding author: aquinter@uach.mx, aqura60@gmail.com