Orth et al. (1998)1616 Orth SR, Stöckmann A, Conradt C, Ritz E, Ferro M, Kreusser W, et al.
Smoking as a risk factor for end-stage renal failure in men with primary renal
disease. Kidney Int 1998;54:926-31. PMID: 9734618 DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00067.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.19...
|
DEU ITA AUS |
SCr > 3.0 mg/dL |
Case-control |
no |
M = 144 F = 60 |
582 |
148 |
72/- |
72 |
72 |
- |
47 |
OR = 4.5 (1.9-10.9; p < 0.001) |
00-05 p/y: 1.0 p > 0.05 5-15 p/y: 3.5 (1.3-9.6;
p = 0.017) > 15 p/y: 5.8 (2.0-17;
p = 0.001) |
Male smokers with CKD, IgA nephropathy, and polycystic kidney disease
are at a higher risk for renal function deterioration when compared to
nonsmokers; disease worsens for heavy smokers |
Stengel et al. (2000)1515 Stengel B, Couchoud C, Cénée S, Hémon D. Age, blood pressure and smoking
effects on chronic renal failure in primary glomerular nephropathies. Kidney Int
2000;57:2519-26. PMID: 10844621
|
FRA |
SCr > 1.96 mg/dL |
Case-control 5 years |
no |
M = 77% |
295 |
295 |
140/155 |
242 |
132 |
110 |
41 |
OR = 2.1 (0.9-4.9) |
≥ 15 p/y: 1.9 (0.8-4.3; p > 0.05) > 15 p/y: 3.9
(1.6-4.5; p < 0.01) |
No association was found between smoking and renal function
deterioration in females; association between number of packs smoked a
year and renal function deterioration was found for male smokers with
primary glomerulonephritis |
Regalado et al. (2000)2222 Regalado M, Yang S, Wesson DE. Cigarette smoking is associated with
augmented progression of renal insufficiency in severe essential hypertension. Am J
Kidney Dis 2000;35:687-94. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6386(00)70017-5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6386(00)...
|
USA |
Hypertension SCr = 0.25 ± 0.11 mg/dL Hypertension Smoker SCr = 1.47 ±
0.13 mg/dL |
Prospective cohort 2 years and 11 months |
Controls only |
M = 56% |
192 |
53 |
30/23 |
139 |
64 |
75 |
51 |
na |
- |
Analysis of potential risk factors for renal function deterioration in
hypertensive patients yielded smoking a weight of 4.3820 (p < 0.0001),
even when blood pressure is controlled |
Ejerblad et al. (2004)1818 Ejerblad E, Fored CM, Lindblad P, Fryzek J, Dickman PW, Elinder CG, et
al. Association between smoking and chronic renal failure in a nationwide
population-based case-control study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:2178-85. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000135048.35659.10 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000135...
|
SWE |
H SCr > 3.4 mg/dL |
Case-control 2 years |
yes |
M = 65% |
998 |
926 |
567/348 |
994 |
574 |
420 |
58 |
OR = 1.17 (0.95-1.44) |
1-15 p/y: 0.95 (0.73-1.24) 16-30 p/y: 1.32 (1.00-1.75) >
30 p/y: 1.52 (1.08-2.14) |
Smoking worsens renal function of CKD patients; degree of
deterioration is associated with number of packs smoked a year |
M SCr > 2.8 mg/dL |
Shankar et al. (2006)2727 Shankar A, Klein R, Klein BE. The association among smoking, heavy
drinking, and chronic kidney disease. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164:263-71. PMID: 16775042
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj173 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj173...
|
USA |
K/DOQI |
Cohort 5 years |
yes |
M = 47,5% |
4898 |
324 |
146/178 |
4898 |
967 |
3931 |
62 |
RR = 2.18 (1.57-3.03) |
< 15 p/y: 1.11 (0.89-2.08) 15-34 p/y: 2.57 (1.79-3.70)
(2.08-4.12) |
Smoking worsens renal function 2.18 times more versus
nonsmoking patients; renal function deterioration smoking strongly
associated with the number of packs smoked a year |
Kronborg et al. (2008)2626 Kronborg J, Solbu M, Njølstad I, Toft I, Eriksen BO, Jenssen T.
Predictors of change in estimated GFR: a population-based 7-year follow-up from the
Tromso study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:2818-26. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn148 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn148...
|
NOR |
K/DOQI |
Prospective cohort 7 years |
no |
M = 50.6% F = 49.4% |
4441 |
na |
na |
4441 |
1379 |
3062 |
- |
- |
|
Alcohol intake improved renal function in males, but not in females;
increased physical activity improved GFR in women; DM, CVD, systolic
hypertension, and increased fibrinogen levels were correlated with GFR
reductions in both genders; increase in GFR by 0.32 ml/min/1.73 m2/ year
for female smokers versus nonsmokers. |
Lash et al. (2009)2323 Lash JP, Go AS, Appel LJ, He J, Ojo A, Rahman M, et al.; Chronic Renal
Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study Group. Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC)
Study: baseline characteristics and associations with kidney function. Clin J Am Soc
Nephrol 2009;4:1302-11. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00070109 http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00070109...
|
USA |
K/DOQI |
Prospective cohort |
yes |
M = 54% |
- |
3612 |
2513/ 1593 |
no |
no |
no |
- |
- |
- |
Among risk factor for progression of CKD, smoking worsens the GFR |
Yacoub et al. (2010)1717 Yacoub R, Habib H, Lahdo A, Al Ali R, Varjabedian L, Atalla G, et al.
Association between smoking and chronic kidney disease: a case control study. BMC
Public Health 2010;10:731. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-731 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-7...
|
SIR |
K/DOQI |
Case-control 4 years |
yes |
M = 51% |
- |
198 |
86/112 |
351 |
251 |
251 |
45 |
OR = 1.6 |
1-15 p/y: 2.1 (1.12-2.29; p < 0.009) (0.96-4.57;
p = 0.06) 16-30 p/y: 2.04 (1.08-3.88;
p = 0.028) > 30 p/y: 2.06 (1.53-4.41;
p = 0.0001) |
Renal function worsens 1.6 times more in smokers than in nonsmokers;
renal function deterioration is strongly associated with number of packs
smoked per year |
Míguez-Burbano et al. (2010)2424 Míguez-Burbano MJ, Wyatt C, Lewis JE, Rodríguez A, Duncan R. Ignoring
the obvious missing piece of chronic kidney disease in HIV: cigarette smoking. J
Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2010;21:16-24. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2009.07.005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2009.07...
|
USA |
K/DOQI |
Case-control 1 year Patients with HIV |
no |
M = 306 (69%) F = 230 (31%) |
536 |
65 (85%) |
na |
yes |
|
|
- |
OR = 1,97 p = 0,03 |
- |
African American and Caribbean men had lower hemoglobin and albumin
levels. Patients with CKD were hospitalized twice as much. 35% of the
patients (HIV & CKD) had stage IV or V disease 1 to 2 packs/year
increases the risk of HIV patients having CKD by 1.5 times (OR = 1.57;
95%CI 1-2.53; p = 0.05) effect not seen in former
smokers (OR = 1.1; 95%CI 2-4.7; p = 0.8) |
Hallan e Orth (2011)2121 Hallan SI, Orth SR. Smoking is a risk factor in the progression to
kidney failure. Kidney Int 2011;80:516-23. PMID: 21677635 DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.157 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.157...
|
NOR |
K/DOQI |
Cohort 10.3 years (0.1-11.3) |
no |
M = 78 (63%) F = 46 (37%) |
65589 |
124 |
nd/nd |
yes |
yes |
yes |
50 |
When age < 70 years smoker RR = 4.0 (1.23-8.25) ex-smoker RR = 3.3
(1.43-11.2) |
01-09 p/y: 4.21 (0.5-35.16; p = 0.18) 10-19 p/y: 8.84
(1.58-49.89; p = 0.01) 20-39 |
Patients aged < 70 years, smokers and former smokers versus
nonsmokers had increased risk of progressing to stage-5 CKD. Smoking
cessation reduced the risk of CKD, although it remained high. |
Hellemons et al. (2011)2020 Hellemons ME, Agarwal PK, van der Bij W, Verschuuren EA, Postmus D,
Erasmus ME, et al. Former smoking is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease after
lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 2011;11:2490-8. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03701.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.20...
|
HOL |
K/DOQI |
Cohort 5 years Lung transplant |
no |
M = 166 F = 160 |
326 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
134 |
44 |
Progression to CKD III RR = 1.69 (1.27-2.24) Progression to CKD IV RR =
1.9 (1.11-3.27) |
DRC III 01-10 p/y: 1.57 (1.09-2.25; p = 0.015) 11-25
p/y: 1.65 (1.15-2.36; p = 0.006) > 25 p/y: 1.92
(1.32-2.79; p = 0.001) DRC IV 01-10 p/y: 1.3 (0.63-2.7;
p = 0.48) 11-25 p/y: 1.96 (1.04-3.7;
p = 0.04) > 25 p/y: 2.78 (1.41-5.46;
p = 0.003) |
GFR decreased within the first two years after lung transplantation, and
was worse during the first six months after surgery. Former smokers
smoked a median 17.5 packs/year and linear association with cumulative
dose was observed. Smoking was a risk factor for progression of CKD in
patients with COPD |
Noborisaka et al (2013)2828 Noborisaka Y, Ishizaki M, Yamada Y, Honda R, Yokoyama H, Miyao M, et al.
The effects of continuing and discontinuing smoking on the development of chronic
kidney disease (CKD) in the healthy middle-aged working population in Japan. Environ
Health Prev Med 2013;18:24-32. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12199-012-0285-7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12199-012-028...
|
JPN |
KDIGO |
Retrospective cohort 6 years |
no |
M = 58.8% F = 41.2% |
6998 |
na |
na/na |
na |
na |
na |
M: 41 F: 42 |
Risk of proteinuria in smokers OR = 2.52 (1.5-4.5) |
na |
GFR was higher in smokers than in nonsmokers; smokers progressed more
frequently to stage-1 and stage-2 CKD, but progression to stage-3 CKD was
less frequent than nonsmokers and former smokers. Smoking cessation
reduced protein loss by 50% and the risk of CKD progression. Male former
smokers had significantly greater GRF drops than nonsmokers and smokers.
In the presence of proteinuria, GFR reduction was not correlated with
smoking. Moderate alcohol intake reduced the decrease in GFR |