Erdogan et al.3535 Erdogan A, Akkurt H, Boettjer NK, Yurtseven E, Can G, Kiran S. Prevalence and behavioural correlates of enuresis in young children. J Paediatr Child Health 2008;44:297-301. PMID: 18036143 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01255.x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.20...
Istambul |
Cross- sectional |
53 children with nocturnal enuresis, 303 controls |
CBCL |
Children with nocturnal enuresis: - Higher rates of social and behavioral problems |
Joinson et al.2828 Joinson C, Heron J, von Gontard A. Psychological problems in children with daytime wetting. Pediatrics 2006;118:1985-93. PMID:17079570 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-0894
http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-0894...
UK |
Longitudinal (ALSPAC) |
8213 school-age children (7 to 9 years) |
DAWBA WISC III |
Children with diurnal enuresis: - 6.8% had cognitive delays - 2x more psychological disorders: Externalizing: ADHD (24.8%), ODD (10.9%), conduct disorder (11.8%) Internalizing (29.2%) |
Wolfe-Christensen et al.2525 Wolfe-Christensen C, Veenstra AL, Kovacevic L, Elder JS, Lakshmanan Y. Psychosocial difficulties in children referred to pediatric urology: a closer look. Urology 2012;80:907-12. PMID: 23021666 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2012.04.077
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2012...
USA |
Cross- sectional |
600 children and adolescents referred to a urology clinic (375 males, 225 females) |
PSC DVSS |
- 19% had mental disorders: most common was ADHD - Children at increased risk of having emotional disorders: males, with high body mass indices, and high DVSS scores |
Üçer & Gümüş3636 Üçer O, Gümüş B. Quantifying subjective assessment of sleep quality, quality of life and depressed mood in children with enuresis. World J Urol 2014;32:239-43. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00345-013-1193-1
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00345-013-119...
Turkey |
Cross- sectional |
101 children with MNE (62 males, 39 females), 38 controls |
CDI, PedsQL, PSQI |
Case group: - Poorer quality of life and quality of sleep - Higher depression rates - Poorer QOL when older |
Von Gontard et al.1717 von Gontard A, Niemczyk J, Weber M, Equit M. Specific behavioral comorbidity in a large sample of children with functional incontinence: Report of 1,001 cases. Neurourol Urodyn 2015;34:763-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.22651
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.22651...
Germany |
Cross- sectional |
1001 children with LUTD (676 males, 325 females) |
CBCL |
- 70.1% had nocturnal enuresis - 36.8% had diurnal enuresis - 36.8% had fecal incontinence - About 43% had emotional problems Externalizing: (36%), Internalizing: (33.3%) - Children with fecal incontinence → poorer emotional performance (58.8%) - Children with incontinence had 3 to 6 times more behavioral comorbidities than controls |
Zink et al.2626 Zink S, Freitag CM, von Gontard A. Behavioral comorbidity differs in subtypes of enuresis and urinary incontinence. J Urol 2008;179:295-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.09.007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.09...
Germany |
Cross- sectional |
166 children with LUTD (111 males, 55 females) |
CBCL |
- 40% had behavioral problems on CBCL - 36% had psychiatric disorders - Externalizing 2X > Internalizing - Higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders in diurnal enuresis - Children with nocturnal enuresis had higher rates of psychiatric comorbidities. |
Baeyens et al.2121 Baeyens D, Roeyers H, Hoebeke P, Verté S, Van Hoecke E, Walle JV. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with nocturnal enuresis. J Urol 2004;171:2576-9. PMID: 15118422 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000108665.22072.b2
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.00001086...
Bélgica |
Cross- sectional |
81 children with MNE and 39 with NMNE |
CBCL DBRS |
- 15% had ADHD - Poorer bladder control was not related to ADHD |
Yang et al1212 Yang TK, Guo YJ, Chen SC, Chang HC, Yang HJ, Huang KH. Correlation between symptoms of voiding dysfunction and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity in children with lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol 2012;187:656-61. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2011.10.016
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2011.10...
Taiwan |
Cross- sectional |
130 children with LUTD symptoms (92 males, 38 females) |
SNAP IV |
- 55 children diagnosed with ADHD - The ADHD group had high scores on the DVSS |
Crimmins et al.3434 Crimmins CR, Rathbun SR, Husmann DA. Management of urinary incontinence and nocturnal enuresis in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Urol 2003;170:1347-50. PMID: 14501767 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000084669.59166.16
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.00000846...
USA |
Cross- sectional |
192 children with ADHD and LUTD |
Clinical diagnosis |
- ADHD had negative effect on dysfunction resolution - Children with ADHD: more trouble complying with treatment and poorer response to alarm intervention |
Von Gontard et al.3333 von Gontard A, Moritz AM, Thome-Granz S, Freitag C. Association of attention deficit and elimination disorders at school entry: a population based study. J Urol 2011;186:2027-32. PMID: 21944132 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2011.07.030
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2011.07...
Germany |
Cross- sectional |
1379 school-age children (734 males, 645 females) |
CBCL |
- Children with diurnal enuresis had 4.4-fold chance of having ADHD |
Hooman et al.1515 Kuhn S, Natale N, Siemer S, Stoeckle M, von Gontard A. Clinical differences in daytime wetting subtypes: urge incontinence and postponed voiding. J Urol 2009;182:1967-72. PMID: 19695641 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2009.03.023
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2009.03...
Irã |
Cross- sectional |
135 children with LUTD and 75 controls |
CBCL |
Group with LUTD: - Higher prevalence of behavioral disorders |
Joinson et al.3131 Joinson C, Heron J, von Gontard A, Butler U, Golding J, Emond A. Early childhood risk factors associated with daytime wetting and soiling in school-age children. J Pediatr Psychol 2008;33:739-50. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsn008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsn008...
UK |
Longitudinal (ALSPAC) |
10821 school-age children (4 to 9 years) |
DTTS EDS |
- Risk factors for voiding disorder: - Developmental delays - Difficult temperament - Maternal anxiety and depression |
Von Gontard & Hollmann3232 von Gontard A, Hollmann E. Comorbidity of functional urinary incontinence and encopresis: somatic and behavioral associations. J Urol 2004;171:2644-7. PMID: 15118441 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000113228.80583.83
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.00001132...
Alemanha |
Cross- sectional |
167 children with LUTD |
CBCL |
- 65% of the children with encopresis and enuresis had clinical-range scores in the CBCL |
Kuhn et al.1515 Kuhn S, Natale N, Siemer S, Stoeckle M, von Gontard A. Clinical differences in daytime wetting subtypes: urge incontinence and postponed voiding. J Urol 2009;182:1967-72. PMID: 19695641 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2009.03.023
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2009.03...
Germany |
Cross- sectional |
49 children with LUTD (28 males, 21 females), 32 controls |
CBCL Ravens progressive matrices
|
- Both groups had similar mean IQ Group with LUTD: - Higher prevalence od behavioral disorders (41% vs. 9%): - Internalizing (29% vs. 6%) - Externalizing (35% vs. 0%) - Children postponing voiding had worse CBCL scores than children with urinary incontinence (56% vs. 24%) |
De Bruyne et al.1616 De Bruyne E, Van Hoecke E, Van Gompel K, Verbeken S, Baeyens D, Hoebeke P, et al. Problem behavior, parental stress and enuresis. J Urol 2009;182:2015-20. PMID: 19695644 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2009.05.102
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2009.05...
Belgium |
Cross- sectional |
78 children with LUTD (47 males, 31 females) and 110 controls |
CBCL DBDRS PSI |
Group with LUTD: - Higher prevalence of depressive, aaggressive, and inattentive symptoms - Parents: higher stress scores - Higher prevalence of behavioral disorders in children associated with higher levels of parental stress |
Von Gontard et al.2929 von Gontard A, Heron J, Joinson C. Factors associated with low and high voiding frequency in children with diurnal urinary incontinence. BJU Int 2010;105:396-401. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08780.x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.20...
UK |
Longitudinal (ALSPAC) |
> 8000 children in school age (7 to 9 years) |
SDQ |
- Higher prevalence of behavioral disorders in children with LUTD (41% vs. 9%): - Children with high urinary frequency had higher rates of conduct, emotional, attention, and relationship disorders - Children with urinary incontinence had more gastrointestinal, urinary, and psychological symptoms than their peers |
Von Gontard et al.1818 von Gontard A, Niemczyk J, Thomé-Granz S, Nowack J, Moritz AM, Equit M. Incontinence and parent-reported oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in young children-a population-based study. Pediatr Nephrol 2015;30:1147-55. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-014-3040-z
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-014-304...
Germany |
Cross- sectional |
718 school-age children |
CBCL |
- higher prevalence of ODD in children with incontinence than in continent children (19.5% vs. 5.2%) - Frequency of enuresis was not related to prevalence of ODD symptoms - No difference in the prevalence of ODD symptoms between types of LUTD |
Niemczyk et al.1919 Niemczyk J, Equit M, Braun-Bither K, Klein AM, von Gontard A. Prevalence of incontinence, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in preschool children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015;24:837-43. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0628-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-062...
Germany |
Cross- sectional |
1676 preschoolers |
DISYPS-II |
Children with incontinence - 16.4% t. externalizing - 10.3% ADHD - 10.3% ODD |
Bael et al.3737 Bael A, Winkler P, Lax H, Hirche H, Gäbel E, Vijverberg M, et al. Behavior profiles in children with functional urinary incontinence before and after incontinence treatment. Pediatrics 2008;121:e1196-200. PMID: 18450862 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1652
http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1652...
Belgium |
Longitudinal - prospective |
111 children with LUTD |
CBCL |
- 19% had clinical-range scores in the CBCL: after treatment the prevalence dropped to 11% - Only children with micturition disorders had significant decreases in the prevalence of externalizing problems and total problems in the CBCL |
Joinson et al.2727 Joinson C, Sullivan S, von Gontard A, Heron J. Early childhood psychological factors and risk for bedwetting at school age in a UK cohort. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016;25:519-28. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0756-7
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-075...
UK |
Longitudinal (ALSPAC) |
8769 school-age children |
TTS EAS RRPS |
- Behavioral problems and difficult temperament in early childhood were identified as risk factor for nocturnal enuresis in school age |