Development and evaluation of an observational system for goalball match analysis

Morato, Márcio Pereira; Furtado, Otávio Luis Piva da Cunha; Gamero, Diego Henrique; Magalhães, Thiago Pinguelli; Almeida, José Júlio Gavião de

doi:10.1016/j.rbce.2016.08.002

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Artigos Originais • Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Esporte 39 (4) • Oct-Dec 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbce.2016.08.002 copy

Development and evaluation of an observational system for goalball match analysis

Desenvolvimento e avaliação de um sistema de observação para análise do jogo de goalball

Desarrollo y evaluación de un sistema de observación para el análisis del juego del goalball

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Our purpose was to develop and evaluate an observational system for goalball match analysis. We used a non-participant systematic game observation method including eight elite games, video recorded, and randomly chosen. Observational categories and performance indicators were determined for each offensive (i.e., ball control, attack preparation, and throwing) and defensive principles (i.e., defensive balance, throw reading, and blocking). The comprehensive method of development and the ideal reliability levels (kappa coefficient of 0.81–1.00) of this protocol ensure the generation of quantitative and qualitative information for players and coaches and the rigor required for scientific use.

KEYWORDS
Performance indicators; Sport performance; Paralympic team sports; Visual impairment

Principles	Kappa
Observational categories	Intra		Inter
	Observer 1	Observer 2	Observers
Ball control
Attacking team	1.00	1.00	1.00
Preceding situation	0.99	0.95	0.98

Attack preparation
Thrower number	0.99	1.00	0.99
Thrower position	1.00	1.00	1.00
Offensive strategy	0.84	0.83	0.82
Attack length	0.94	0.91	0.94

Throwing
Throw origin	0.94	0.90	0.89
Throw target	0.95	0.91	0.90
Ball type	0.89	0.86	0.83
Ball time	0.89	0.81	0.81

Defensive balance
Defending team	1.00	1.00	1.00
Tactical system	1.00	0.98	0.99

Throw reading
Defensive reaction	0.89	0.95	0.82

Blocking
Defender number	1.00	0.97	0.98
Defender position	1.00	0.97	0.99
Body segment	0.96	0.91	0.89
Ball interception	0.87	0.92	0.85

Attack/defense interaction
Outcome	0.99	0.98	0.99

Game notes
Gender	1.00	1.00	1.00
Game period	1.00	1.00	1.00
Game number	1.00	1.00	1.00

Colégio Brasileiro de Ciências do Esporte Universidade de Brasilia - Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Faculdade de Educação Física, Asa Norte - CEP 70910-970 - Brasilia, DF - Brasil, Telefone: +55 (61) 3107-2542 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: rbceonline@gmail.com

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[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail:mpmorato@usp.br (M.P. Morato).

Principles
Observational categories
Performance indicators

Ball control
Attacking team: Team that recovers the ball
Three-letter initials of the country
Preceding situation: Link with the previous game sequence to indicate how the team conquered the ball possession
RB:	Received ball from the main referee at the beginning of the first or second half of the game
DE:	Defense of opponent throw
OU:	Out side throw
BO:	Block out
IN:	Infraction by the opponent
PE:	Penalty by the opponent
DP:	Defense of penalty shot
GA:	Goal against
TTO:	Team time out
OTO:	Official time out
SUB:	Substitution

Attack preparation
Thrower: Identification of the player performing the attack
1-9:	Jersey number
LW:	Left wing
CE:	Center
RW:	Right wing
Offensive strategy: The strategy the attacking team uses for the throw
RE:	Regular: player throws the ball from the same or surrounding sector in which (s)he defended or received a pass. For example, if (s)he defended the throw in sector 2, the throw from sector 1, 2 or 3 is considered regular (see Fig. 3)
FL:	Fluctuation: player defends the ball or receives a pass and, before throwing, changes the sector beyond the neighboring sectors. Example: (s)he defended in sector 2 and throw from 4, 5 or 6 (see Fig. 3)
DB:	Delivered ball pass: attacker receives a hand-to-hand passing before throwing
SP:	Set piece: organized and practiced move, other than FL and DB.
CA:	Counter-attack: attack is performed within four seconds after defense
QA:	Quick attack: subsequent to an interruption, attack is performed within two seconds after referee calls "quiet please, play"
SB:	Safety ball: when the player throws the ball so as not to commit penalties or to prioritize the defensive balance
SL:	Slow ball: strategy used at the final moments of the games by the leading teams to spend the game time left
Attack length: Time the team uses to perform the attack
SH:	Short attack: up to 4 seconds after defense
ST:	Standard attack: between 4 and 7 after defense
EX:	Extended attack: more than 7 s after defense

Throwing
Throw origin an throw target: Categorization of the throw trajectory, based on court division presented in Fig. 3
O1-6:	Sector in which the ball had the first contact with the ground after being thrown by the attacker, independently of his/her movement to perform the attack
T1-6:	The place where the ball thrown reaches the orientation area front line of the opponent team
Ball type: Thrown ball feature
BO:	Bouncing: ball bounces at least once after the high ball line
RO:	Rolling: ball straight and constantly touching the floor
CU:	Curve: rolling ball with side spin
Ball time: Duration of thrown ball
Thrown ball duration to cross the distance between the high ball line to opposite orientation area front line

Principles
Observational categories
Performance indicators

Defensive balance
Defending team: Team that misses the ball possession
Three-letter initials of the country
Tactical system: The team configuration when waiting for the opponent attack (see Fig. 1)
TR:	Basic triangle
FT:	Forward triangle
BT:	Backward triangle
IT:	Inverse triangle
ST:	Stair
BA:	Barrier

Throw reading
Defensive reaction: Defender response to the ball sound after opposite throw
ER:	Early reaction: defender reacts too soon to any thrown ball sound by the opposite team
CR:	Coherent reaction: defender reacts timely to the ball sound
LR:	Late reaction: defender reacts too late to the ball sound, remaining no time to finish the defensive technique
NR:	No reaction: defender does not react to the ball sound

Blocking
Defender: Identification of the player who performs the first defensive interception
1-9:	Jersey number
LW:	Left wing
CE:	Center
RW:	Right wing
Body segment: Body part used by player to block the ball
UR:	Upper region: for head, shoulders, arms, forearms and hands
CR:	Central region: for chest, abdomen, hips and thighs
LR:	Lower region: for knees, legs, and feet
NC:	No defensive contact with the ball
Ball interception: Characterization of the blocking, referring to the result of the application of the defensive technique
NR:	No rebound: defender intercepts and keeps the ball under control
FR:	Frontal rebound: the blocked ball moves towards the center of the court
LR:	Lateral rebound: the ball moves towards the lateral lines after the defense
BR:	Backward rebound: the ball continues towards the goal line
NC:	No defensive contact with the ball

Principles
Observational categories
Performance indicators

Attack/defense interaction
Outcome: Result of the interaction between the offensive dimension of one team and the defensive dimension of the other
DE:	Defending team blocks the ball which remains inside their half court
BO:	Ball passes the limits of the court after being blocked by the defenders
OU:	Ball thrown out without contact with the defenders
IN:	An infraction occurs
PE:	A penalty occurs
GO:	Attacking team scores
PD:	Defender blocks the penalty shot
PO:	Attacker throws the penalty shot out side
PP:	Thrower commits a penalty in a penalty shot
PG:	Penalty shooter scores

Game notes: observations for references of each game sequence
Gender
F:	Female
M:	Male
Game period
1:	First half
2:	Second half
Game number
According to the list of games observed