Coelho et al. , 2007 21
|
UK/Outpatients |
37 SAD 22 GAD 15 SAD + GAD 60 HC 403 Relatives |
Cases: 32.1 (3.77) Relatives: 47.4 (14.98) |
SCID. Diagnosis of relatives based on information provided by cases/controls |
OR Case X Relative |
OR SAD X SAD = 3.38 (1.25-9.16); SAD X Comorbidity OR (SAD-GAD) = 3.50 (0.98-12.55); Comorbidity OR (SAD-GAD) X TAS = 7.01 (0.82-60.23); Comorbidity OR X Comorbidity = 17.34 (1.96-153.62) |
19 (86%) |
Czajkowski et al. , 2011 22
|
Norway/Twins (medical record services) |
446 P Mz F; 264 P Dz F; 10 I |
28.1 |
CIDI |
Correlations between Mz and Dz Structural Equation Models |
Correlation differences Heritability estimates |
20 (91%) |
Eley et al. , 2003 23
|
UK/Twins (medical record services) |
723 P Mz M; 769 P Dz M; 818 P Mz F; 760 P Dz F; 1494 P Dz O |
4 |
16-item questionnaire on anxiety-related behaviors |
Correlations between Mz and Dz Structural Equation Models |
Correlation differences Heritability estimates |
18 (82%) |
Eley et al. , 2008 24
|
UK/Twins (medical record services) |
T0: 754 P Mz M; 783 P Dz M; 845 P Mz F; 768 P Dz F; 1512 P Dz O; T1: 120 P Mz M; 133 P Mz F; 138 P Dz M; 136 P Dz F; 327 P Dz O |
T0: 4 T1: 6 |
T0 Anxiety Related Behaviors Questionnaire. T1 Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children and Parents |
Correlations between Mz and Dz Structural Equation Models |
Correlation differences Heritability estimates |
18 (82%) |
Hallett et al. , 2009 14
|
UK/Twins (medical record services) |
T0 1205 P Mz M; 1118 P Dz M; 1370 P Mz F; 1219 P Dz F; 2255 P Dz O; T1: 538 P Mz M; 674 P Dz M; 503 P Mz F; 557 P Dz F; 1004 P Dz O |
T0: 7 T1: 9 |
25 items taken from other instruments |
Correlations between Mz and Dz Structural Equation Models |
Correlation differences Heritability estimates |
20 (91%) |
Hallett et al. , 2012 25
|
UK/Twins (medical record services) |
T0: 1232 P Mz M; 1164 P Dz M; 1375 P Mz F; 1230 P Dz F; 2310 P DzO; T1: 1069P Mz M; 1044 P Dz M; 1195 P Mz F; 1054 P Dz F; 2064 P Dz O |
T0: 7 T1: 9 |
22 items taken from other instruments |
Correlations between Mz and Dz Structural Equation Models |
Correlation differences Heritability estimates |
18 (82%) |
Hettema et al. , 2005 26
|
USA/Community sample |
2156 P F; 2939 P M |
_ |
Diagnostic interviews based on DSM = III-R criteria |
Structural Equation Models |
Heritability estimates |
17 (77%) |
Hettema et al. , 2006 27
|
USA/Twins (medical record services) |
679 P Mz F; 467 P Dz F; 869 P Mz M; 653 P Dz M; 1429 P Dz O; 125 I Mz F; 56 I Dz F; 230 I Mz M; 275 I Dz M; 462 I Dz O |
_ |
Diagnostic interviews based on DSM = III-R criteria |
Structural Equation Models |
Heritability estimates |
18 (82%) |
Hudson et al. , 2003 28
|
Austria/Outpatient services |
64 MDD 58 HC 152 relatives |
Cases: 39.5 (15) Relatives (cases): 39.6 (13.7) Controls: 40.9 (14.1). Relatives (controls): 37.4 (13.1) |
SCID |
OR Case X Relative |
OR without depression = 4.6 (1.2-18); OR with comorbid depression = 2.7 (0.59-12) |
17 (77%) |
Isomura et al. , 2015 29
|
Sweden/Population records with mental disorder diagnoses |
18399 SAD 2673 APD 210.720 HC 2.959.278 Relatives |
– |
Previous diagnoses in medical records |
OR Case X Relative Correlations between siblings and half-siblings |
OR First-degree = 4.74 (4.28-5.25). OR Second-degree = 2.3 (2.01-2.63). OR Third-degree = 1.72 (1.52-1.94). OR Non-biological parents = 4.01 (3.26-4.95). Correlation for siblings = 0.27; half-siblings (mother’s side) = 0.13. Heritability estimated by the correlation = 0.56 |
17 (77%) |
Kendler et al. , 2001 30
|
USA/Twins (medical record services) |
707 P Mz M; 290 P Dz M; 254 I Mz M; 290 I Dz M |
36.8 (9.1) |
Diagnostic Interview Scale (DIS). Version III-A |
OR Case X Sibling Structural Equation Models |
Differences in OR. MZ = 2.3 (0.92-5.77); DZ = 1.73 (0.50-6.07) |
14 (64%) |
Kendler et al. , 2008 31
|
Sweden/Twins (medical record services) |
242 P Mz F; 182 P Dz F; 240 P Mz M; 168 P Dz M; 390 P Dz O |
T0: 13-14 T1: 16-17 T2 19-20 |
Items dealing with fear of specific situations and objects |
Correlations between Mz and Dz Structural Equation Models |
Correlation differences Heritability estimates |
17 (77%) |
Knappe et al. , 2009 32
|
Germany/Cohort population for the study of psychopathology |
T0: 1395 I T1: 1228 I T2: 1169 I T3 1,022 I |
T0: 14-17 T1: 16-19 T2: 18-21 T3: 24-27 |
CIDI |
OR Case X Relative |
Symptomatic: OR = 1.3 (0.76-2.23); Subthreshold: OR = 1.44 (0.75-2.78); Diagnosis: OR = 3.21 (1.21-8.49) |
18 (82%) |
Lahey et al. , 2011 33
|
USA/Twins (medical record services) |
1571 PMz/Dz |
6-17 |
Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Scale |
Structural Equation Models |
Heritability estimates |
17 (77%) |
Li et al. , 2011 18
|
Sweden/Population records with mental disorder diagnoses |
42602 AD; 2093 relatives |
|
Previous diagnoses in medical records |
Standardized incidence ratios |
Men: 4.49 (1.88-10.07); Women: 2.51 (0.7-7.35); Total: 3.68 (1.68-7.69) |
17 (77%) |
López-Solà et al. , 2014 34
|
Australia/Twins (medical record services) |
204 P Mz M; 299 P Mz F; 111 P Dz M; 194 P Dz F; 125 I Mz M; 150 I Mz F; 132 I Dz M; 192 I Dz F; |
MZ: 34.5 (7.8) DZ: 33.9 (8) |
SPIN |
Correlations between Mz and Dz Structural Equation Models |
Correlation differences Heritability estimates |
20 (91%) |
Low et al. , 2008 35
|
USA/Patients recruited from outpatient services and the community. Relatives contacted. |
26 I SAD + PD 40 I PD 46 I SAD 32 I AD 81 I HC. 1053 relatives |
SAD + PD: 39 (5.9) PD: 39.5 (5.2) SP: 40.8 (6.3) AD: 40.4 (6.2) Controls: 41 (6.3) |
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Family History-Research Diagnostic Criteria |
OR Case X Relatives |
OR SP-SP = 1.8 (1.1-2.9) |
17 (77%) |
Low et al. , 2008 36
|
USA/Patients recruited from outpatient services and the community. Relatives contacted. |
76 I SAD 60 I HC 620 relatives |
Cases: 39.9 (5.3) Controls: 40.9 (6.28) |
SCID for cases and controls. Best estimate Diagnoses for relatives |
OR Case X Relatives |
Clinical OR = 2.74 (1.1-6.84); Community OR = 2.38 (0.91-6.22) |
16 (73%) |
Michelini et al. , 2015 37
|
UK/Twins (medical record services) |
88 P Mz M; 134 P Mz F; 64 P Dz M; 130 P Dz F; 214 P Dz O; 30 P S M; 51 P S F; 71 P S O |
17 (1.66) |
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale |
Correlations between Mz and Dz Structural Equation Models |
Correlation differences Heritability estimates |
21 (95%) |
Middedorp et al. , 2005 38
|
The Netherlands and Australia/Twins (medical record services) |
1334 I M; 2088 I F |
Men: 35.15 Women: 35.15 |
CIDI |
Correlations between Mz and Dz |
Correlation differences Brothers: 0.20 (0.09-0.31) Sisters: 0.20 (0.09-0.31) Different gender: 0.20 (0.09-0.31) |
20 (91%) |
Mosing et al. , 2009 39
|
Australia/Twins (medical record services) |
1337 P Mz 1384 P Dz |
Mz: 44.07 (12.4); Dz: 29.9 (2.5) |
Computer algorithms based on responses in the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSA-GA) |
OR Case X Sibling Structural Equation Models |
Differences in OR. MZ = 11.9 (3.7-38.8); DZ = 1.5 (0.2-11.0). Heritability estimates |
17 (77%) |
Nelson et al. , 2000 40
|
USA/Twins (medical record services) |
672 P F Mz/Dz |
18.2 |
Telephone interview with questions adapted from the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents |
Correlations between Mz and Dz |
Heritability estimates |
18 (82%) |
Ogliari et al. , 2006 41
|
Italy/Twins (medical record services) |
70 P Mz M; 65 P Mz F; 50 P Dz M; 78 P Dz F; 115 P Dz O |
13.03 (2.6) |
SCARED |
Correlations between Mz and Dz Structural Equation Models |
Correlation differences Heritability estimates |
20 (91%) |
Ogliari et al. , 2010 42
|
Italy/Twins (medical record services) |
70 P Mz M; 65 P Mz F; 50 P Dz M; 78 P Dz F; 115 P Dz O |
8-17 |
SCARED |
Correlations between Mz and Dz Structural Equation Models |
Correlation differences Heritability estimates |
20 (91%) |
Reichborn-Kjennerud et al. , 2007 43
|
Norway/Twins (medical record services) |
898 P Mz F; 529 P Dz F |
– |
CIDI |
Correlations between Mz and Dz Structural Equation Models |
Correlation differences Heritability estimates |
20 (91%) |
Skre et al. , 2000 44
|
Norway/Twins (medical record services) |
17 P Mz F; 6 I Mz M; 21 I Dz F; 17I Dz M |
41 (9) |
Items dealing with fear of specific situations and objects |
Correlations between Mz and Dz Structural Equation Models |
Correlation differences Heritability estimates |
20 (91%) |
Stein et al. , 2001 17
|
Canada/Patients recruited from outpatient services and the community. Relatives contacted |
31 I SAD 24 I HC 65 relatives |
Cases: 42.5 (16.8) Controls: 40.7 (15.6) |
SCID (cases); Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale; Social Phobia Scale; Social Interactional Anxiety Scale (subjects) Scale, Social Interactional Anxiety Scale |
Factorial analysis |
Being a first-degree relative explains 84% of the variance |
15 (68%) |
Stein et al. , 2002 45
|
Canada/Twins (community advertisement) |
55 P Mz M; 154 P Mz F; 30 P Dz M; 115P Dz F; 35 P Dz O |
MzM: 36.66 (16.86) MzF: 34.82 (14.1) DzM: 31.53 (13.37) DzF: 32.38 (13.13) DzO: 29.88 (12.82) |
Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation |
Correlations between Mz and Dz Structural Equation Models |
Correlation between twins Heritability estimates |
17 (77%) |
Trzaskowski et al. , 2012 46
|
UK/Twins (medical record services) |
T0: 7834 I T1: 3644 I |
T0: 7 T1: 9 |
Anxiety-Related Behaviors Questionnaire |
Correlations between Mz and Dz Structural Equation Models Correlations between factors at ages 7 and 9 |
Phenotypical correlation of 0.54 (0.54-0.56) between ages 7 and 9 Correlation differences between MZ and DZ in the two ages |
17 (77%) |
Van Hulle et al. , 2012 47
|
USA/Twins (medical record services) |
175 P Mz; 150 P Dz; 160 P Dz O |
7.7 (0.7) |
Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children |
Correlations between Mz and Dz |
Correlation differences |
17 (77%) |
Waszczuk et al. , 2014 20
|
UK/Twins (medical record services) |
T0: 100 P Mz; 82 P Dz; 117 P Dz O; T1: 83 P Mz; 69 P Dz; 98 P Dz O; T2 350 P Mz; 313 P Dz; 334 P Dz O; 330 P S; T3: 243 P Mz; 207 P Dz; 232 P Dz O; 182 S; T4: 230 P Mz; 214 P Dz; 232 P Dz O; 201 P S |
T0: 8 years and 6 months T1: 10 years and 1 month T2: 15 years T3: 17 years T4: 20 years |
SCARED for children; SCAS for adolescents; Revised Symptoms of Anxiety Scale for adults |
Structural Equation Models |
Heritability estimates |
19 (86%) |