Antimicrobial resistance, diarrheagenic and avian pathogenic virulence genes in <i>Escherichia coli</i> from poultry feed and the ingredients

Rossato, J.M.; Brito, B.G.; Kobayashi, R.K.T.; Koga, V.L.; Sarmiento, J.J.P.; Nakazato, G.; Lopes, L.F.D.; Balsan, L.A.G.; Grassotti, T.T.; Brito, K.C.T.

doi:10.1590/1678-4162-10355

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Veterinary Medicine • Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 71 (06) • Nov-Dec 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-10355 copy

Antimicrobial resistance, diarrheagenic and avian pathogenic virulence genes in Escherichia coli from poultry feed and the ingredients

Resistência antimicrobiana, genes de virulência diarreiogênicos e patogênicos para aves em Escherichia coli isoladas de ingredientes e ração de frangos

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Diarrheagenic (DEC) and avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are associated with intestinal and extra-intestinal infections (ExPEC), respectively. We aimed to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility, gene encoding virulence factors associated to DEC and APEC, and phylogenetic classification in E. coli isolated from 320 samples of feed and ingredients. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the disk diffusion method and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index and Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) were calculated. Phylogenetic classification was performed on samples harboring DEC and/or APEC virulence-associated genes. A total of 110 E. coli strains were isolated in 15% (49/320) of the evaluated inputs (n=13 vegetable meal; n=33 animal meal, n=3 feed). In general, the isolates showed the highest rates of antimicrobial resistance to sulfonamide and cefazolin and 18% (20/110) were multi-drug resistant. MAR index of feed samples was the highest (0.467). Six and five strains had APEC and DEC virulence-associated genes, respectively, and belonging to phylogenetic groups A and B1. These findings point to the need for strict microbiological control during the production process of these foods.

Keywords:
poultry production; animal feed; antimicrobials; virulence; resistance

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária Caixa Postal 567, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte MG - Brazil, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2041, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2042 - Belo Horizonte - MG - Brazil
E-mail: abmvz.artigo@gmail.com

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[1] *Autor para correspondência (corresponding author) E-mail: kelly_tagliari@hotmail.com

Class	Antimicrobial	Animal meal n (%)	Vegetable meal n (%)	Feed n (%)
Amphenicols	Chloramphenicol (CLO) 30 μg	2 (2.7)^a	0 (0.0)^ab	6 (75)^b
Amphenicols	Florfenicol (FLF) 30 μg	3 (4.1)^a	0 (0.0)^ab	6 (75)^b
Quinolones	Norfloxacin (NOR) 10 μg	0 (0.0)^a	0 (0.0)^a	4 (50)^a
	Ciprofloxacin (CIP) 5 μg	1 (1.4)^a	0 (0.0)^a	4 (50)^a
	Enrofloxacin (ENO) 5 μg	0 (0.0)^a	0 (0.0)^a	4 (50)^a
	Nalidixic Acid (NAL) 30 μg	3 (4.1)^a	3 (10.7)^a	5 (62.5)^b
Aminoglycosides	Gentamicin (GEN) 10 μg	0 (0.0)^a	0 (0.0)^a	0 (0.0)^a
Aminoglycosides	Neomycin (NEO) 30 μg	3 (4.1)^a	3 (10.7)^a	0 (0.0)^a
Nitrofurans	Nitrofurantoin (NIT) 300 μg	5 (6.8)^a	1 (3.6)^a	0 (0.0)^a
Sulfonamides	Sulfonamide (SUL) 300 μg	44 (59.5)^a	20 (71.4)^a	4 (50)^a
Sulfonamides	Sulfazotrim (SUT) 25 μg	8 (10.8)^a	3 (10.7)^a	4 (50)^b
Tetracyclines	Doxycycline (DOX) 30 μg	2 (2.7)^a	1 (3.6)^ab	4 (50)^b
Tetracyclines	Tetracycline (TET) 30 μg	3 (4.1)^a	2 (7.1)^ab	4 (50)^b
β-Lactams	Ampicilin (AMP) 10 μg	14 (18.9)^a	11 (39.3)^b	6 (75)^b
	Amoxacillin+ Clavulanic acid (AMC) 30 μg	5 (6.8)^a	1 (3.6)^a	6 (75)^b
	Cefazolin (CFZ) 30 μg	31 (41.9)^a	23 (82.1)^b	7 (87.5)^ab
	Cefotaxime (CTX) 30 μg	4 (5.4)^a	12 (42.9)^b	4 (50)^b
	Cefoxitin (CFO) 30 μg	3 (4.1)^a	3 (10.7)^a	0 (0.0)^a
	Ceftazidime (CAZ) 30 μg	2 (2.7)^a	10 (35.7)^b	3 (37.5)^ab

Number of antimicrobials resistance	Number of E. coli strains	Frequency of resistance (%)	MAR
0	16	14.54	0
1	27	24.54	0.053
2	24	21.81	0.105
3	18	16.36	0.158
4	9	8.18	0.211
5	5	4.45	0.263
6	3	2.75	0.316
7	1	0.90	0.368
8	3	2.75	0.421
13	2	0.90	0.684
14	1	0.90	0.737
15	1	0.90	0.789

Sample	Origin	Phylogenetic group	Virulence Factors	Genes related to pathotypes
1	BMM	B1	eaeA, iroN, ompT, hlyF, iutA	EPEC (DEC) e APEC
5	BMM	A	elt	ETEC (DEC)
6	BMM	A	elt	ETEC (DEC)
106	F	A	elt	ETEC (DEC)
108	F	A	elt	ETEC (DEC)
63	BMM	B1	iroN, iss	APEC
64	BMM	B1	iroN, iss	APEC
65	BMM	B1	iroN, iss	APEC
69	BMM	B1	iutA	APEC
73	SMM	A	iss	APEC