Dietary patterns associated with anthropometric indicators of abdominal fat in adults

Vilela, Ana Amélia Freitas; Sichieri, Rosely; Pereira, Rosângela Alves; Cunha, Diana Barbosa; Rodrigues, Paulo Rogério Melo; Gonçalves-Silva, Regina Maria Veras; Ferreira, Márcia Gonçalves

doi:10.1590/0102-311X00167512

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ARTICLE • Cad. Saúde Pública 30 (3) • Mar 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00167512 copy

Dietary patterns associated with anthropometric indicators of abdominal fat in adults

Padrões alimentares associados a indicadores antropométricos de adiposidade abdominal em adultos

Patrones alimentarios asociados a los indicadores antropométricos de adiposidad abdominal en adultos

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

This study aimed to identify dietary patterns and assess their association with abdominal fat. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Central West Region of Brazil with a probabilistic sample of 208 adults of both sexes. Data on food intake was obtained using a food frequency questionnaire and factor analysis (principal components) was conducted to identify dietary patterns. Waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were used to assess abdominal fat. The association between dietary patterns and body fat distribution was examined using multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for confounders. Three dietary patterns were identified: Western, regional traditional, and prudent. A positive association was found between the Western pattern and WC (p = 0.04) and WHR (p = 0.001) and between the regional traditional pattern and WHR (p = 0.05) among women. A slight association was also found between the latter pattern and WC (p = 0.07) also among women. An association was found between the Western and regional traditional dietary patterns and a larger concentration of abdominal fat among women.

Food Consumption; Statistical Factor Analysis; Waist Circumference; Waist-Hip Ratio; Adults

Food group	Foods from the food frequency questionnaire
Rice	Rice
Beans	Beans
Cakes, cookies	Plain cakes, cakes with filling and topping/with fruit syrup, cookies-crackers, filled cookies, savory crackers
Breads	French roll/loaf of bread
Refined grains, roots and tubers	Baked/mashed potato, cassava, cassava flour and sweet potato/yam/yams
Pasta	Pasta; pancakes/gnocchi/lasagna/ravioli
Regional dishes	Baked rice/rice with meat/chicken with rice/pork with rice, pequi (souari nut), fried banana
Fats	Butter/margarine
Dairy products	Cheese, milk, cottage cheese, yogurt/cheese curds
Meat and eggs	Pork, beef, beef or chicken stroganoff/chicken bobó (dish made of highly-spiced chicken); barbecue, giblets (gizzard, heart, liver, stomach/tripe, kidneys) and eggs
White meat	Fish and chicken
Sausages and deli meats	Sausage, cold cuts (bologna, ham, fatty ham, salami and frankfurter), bacon, smoked pork loin, beef jerky, canned corned beef
Canned vegetables	Canned vegetables such as peas, corn, palm heart, olives
Fruits	Orange/tangerine, banana, papaya, apple, watermelon, pineapple and mango
Green vegetables and legumes	Lettuce, cabbage/kale/chard, arugula/endive/watercress, cauliflower/broccoli, tomato, cucumber, chayote, gherkin/eggplant, squash/zucchini, carrots, beets and okra/pod
Sodas	Cola soft drinks and other soft drinks/guarana-flavored soft drink
Juice and tea	Fruit juices/pulp and tea
Coffee	Coffee
Fast food	Pizza, hot dogs, hamburgers, French fries/chips/mayonnaise, snacks, popcorn, fried salted pastries/pies and cheese bread
Sweets	Ice cream or popsicles, candies, caramels, chewing gum, chocolate powder, chocolate bars/bonbon, fruit jam or jelly or hard fruit molasses/milk molasses
Sugar	Sugar

Variables		n	%
Gender
	Male	100	48.1
	Female	108	51.9
Age (years)
	20-29	87	41.8
	30-39	56	26.9
	40-50	65	31.3
Socioeconomic status
	Class A	22	10.6
	Class B	94	45.2
	Class C	78	37.5
	Class D	14	6.7
Smoking
	Smoker	30	14.4
	Former smoker	29	13.9
	Nonsmoker	149	71.6
Alcohol consumption (last week)
	Yes	139	66.8
	No	69	33.2
Leisure physical activity (last three months)
	Yes	82	39.4
	No	126	60.6
Weight status assessment
	Under weight	6	2.9
	Normal weight	90	43.3
	Overweight	72	34.6
	Obese	40	19.2

	“Western” pattern				“Regional traditional” pattern				“Prudent” pattern
	Bivariate linear regression		Multiple linear regression *		Bivariate linear regression		Multiple linear regression *		Bivariate linear regression		Multiple linear regression *
	β **	p-value	β **	p value	β **	p-value	β **	p-value	β **	p-value	β **	p-value
Age (years)	-0.26	< 0.01	-0.26	< 0.01	0.07	0.31	***	***	0.16	0.03	^#	^#
Leisure physical activity	-0.09	0.19	^#	^#	0.05	0.46	***	***	0.09	0.18	0.17	0.02
Smoking	0.04	0.54	***	***	-0.22	< 0.01	-0.20	0.004	-0.11	0.11	-0.015	0.03
Energy consumption	0.16	0.02	0.14	0.03	0.05	0.46	***	***	-0.06	0.37	***	***
BMI	-0.08	0.28	***	***	-0.10	0.14	-0.13	0.05	0.12	0.09	0.15	0.03

		Males			Females
		β **	p-value	R²	β **	p-value	R²
“Western” pattern
	WC (cm)	0.11	0.82	0.86	1.11	0.04	0.85
	WHR	0.01	0.19	0.58	0.02	0.01	0.38
“Regional traditional” pattern
	WC (cm)	0.56	0.30	0.86	0.87	0.07	0.86
	WHR	0.01	0.61	0.57	0.01	0.05	0.35
“Prudent” pattern
	WC (cm)	0.55	0.36	0.86	0.28	0.50	0.84
	WHR	0.01	0.08	0.59	0.01	0.35	0.33

Food groups	Factor loadings
	Three-factor solution
	“Western”	“Regional traditional”	“Prudent”	h₂
Breads	0.55			0.53
Pasta	0.53			0.30
Fats	0.51			0.50
Dairy products	0.37			0.21
Sausages and deli meats	0.69			0.47
Canned vegetables	0.62			0.23
Sodas	0.53			0.40
Fast food	0.44			0.31
Candies	0.50			0.31
Rice		0.75		0.57
Beans		0.71		0.51
Refined grains and tubers		0.37		0.21
Regional typical dishes		0.46		0.41
Meat and eggs		0.41		0.31
Coffee		0.54		0.30
Sugar		0.53		0.33
Cakes and cookies-crackers			0.36	0.20
White meat			0.48	0.26
Fruits			0.58	0.35
Green vegetables and legumes			0.60	0.36
Juices and tea			0.49	0.28
Number of items	9	7	5
Eigenvalues	3.13	2.21	2.01
Percentage of explained variance	14.89	10.50	9.58
Percentage of explained cumulative variance	14.89	25.39	34.97
Cronbach’s alpha	0.61	0.61	0.41

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[1] Correspondence
: A. A. F. Vilela. Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa 2367, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900, Brasil. anaameliafv@gmail.com