Body composition assessment using DXA in six-year-old
					children: the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Rio Grande do Sul State,
					Brazil

Zanini, Roberta V.; Santos, Iná S.; Gigante, Denise P.; Matijasevich, Alicia; Barros, Fernando C.; Barros, Aluísio J. D.

doi:10.1590/0102-311X00153313

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ARTICLE • Cad. Saúde Pública 30 (10) • Oct 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00153313 copy

Body composition assessment using DXA in six-year-old children: the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Composição corporal avaliada por DXA aos seis anos de idade: Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas de 2004, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

La composición corporal evaluada por DXA a los seis años de edad: cohorte de nacimientos en Pelotas, 2004, Río Grande do Sul, Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The aim of this study was to describe fat (FM) and lean body mass (LBM) in six-year-old children from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort, stratified by gender. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry was used to measure FM and LBM, FM and LBM indexes, and percentage (%) of FM and LBM. Mean measures of adiposity were higher among girls (6.3kg, 4.2kg/m² and 23.4% vs. 5kg, 3.3kg/m² and 18%) while LBM measures were higher among boys (19.3kg, 13kg/m² and 78.5% vs. 17.7kg, 12.2kg/m² and 73.2%). In both boys and girls mean measures of adiposity increased with socioeconomic status and maternal education. Mean measures of adiposity were higher among white-skinned children while %LBM was higher among black-skinned children. Preterm compared to full-term children showed lower mean measures of adiposity and LBM. Female sex, white skin color and higher socioeconomic conditions are associated with higher adiposity in childhood.

Body Composition; Child; Longitudinal Studies

Variables	Girls		Boys		Overall
Variables	n	%	n	%	n	%
Socioeconomic Index
Q1 (20-280)	375	23.1	395	22.7	770	22.9
Q2 (281-367)	356	21.9	357	20.6	713	21.2
Q3 (368-475)	368	22.7	390	22,.5	758	22.6
Q4 (476-618)	260	16.0	291	16.8	551	16.4
Q5 (619-999)	264	16.3	304	17.5	568	16.9
Maternal education (years)
0-4	244	15.2	260	15.0	504	15.1
5-8	686	42.6	714	41.2	1,400	41.9
9-11	543	33.7	578	33.4	1,121	33.5
12 or more	138	8.6	180	10.4	318	9,5
Skin color
White	1,094	67.7	1,150	67.1	2,244	67,4
Black	186	11.5	231	13.5	417	12,5
Brown	237	14,7	252	14.7	489	14,7
Other	99	6.1	82	4.8	181	5,4
Gestational age (weeks)
< 34	32	2.0	39	2.2	71	2,1
34-36	171	10.5	174	10.0	345	10,2
37-41	1,318	80.9	1,421	81.6	2,739	81,3
> 41	108	6.6	108	6.2	216	6,4

Variable (unit)	Girls				Boys				p-value
Variable (unit)	n	Mean ± SD	Minimum	Maximum	n	Mean ± SD	Minimum	Maximum	p-value
Birth weight (g)	1,630	3,140.9 ± 497.3	900	5,265	1,743	3,247.5 ± 522.5	950	5,995	0.0001 *
Birth height (cm)	1,624	47.9 ± 2.4	27.5	55.8	1,736	48.7 ± 2.5	35.0	58.8	< 0.0001 **
Weight *** at age 6 (kg)	1,595	24.3 ± 6.0	13.6	58.0	1,700	24.7 ± 5.8	14.3	60.4	0.02 **
Weight ^# at age 6 (kg)	1,595	24.8 ± 6.1	14.2	58.9	1,700	25.1 ± 5.8	14.7	60.8	0.1 **
Height at age 6 (m)	1,612	1.20 ± 0.06	1.04	1.41	1,716	1.22 ± 0.06	1.05	1.45	< 0.0001 **
FM^## (kg)	1,595	6.3 ± 4.2	0.9	29.1	1,700	5.0 ± 3.9	0.8	29.4	0.0001 *
FMI ^## (kg/m²)	1,578	4.2 ± 2.5	0.7	17.6	1,679	3.3 ± 2.3	0.6	16.4	0.0001 *
%FM (%)	1,630	23.4 ± 9.4	5.9	53.0	1,743	18.0 ± 9.2	4.5	50.2	< 0.0001 **
FM ^### (kg)	1,595	6.2 ± 4.1	0.8	28.7	1,700	4.9 ± 3.9	0.8	29.0	0.0001 *
FMI ^### (kg/m²)	1,578	4.1 ± 2.5	0.7	17.4	1,679	3.2 ± 2.3	0.5	16.3	0.0001 *
LM^## (kg)	1,595	17.7 ± 2.3	12.1	28.4	1,700	19.3 ± 2.3	13.2	30.0	0.0001 **
LMI^## (kg/m²)	1,578	12.2 ± 0.9	9.9	17.2	1,679	13.0 ± 0.9	10.3	17.0	0.0001 **
%LM (%)	1,630	73.2 ± 9.1	44.2	90.8	1,743	78.5 ± 9,0	46.9	91.7	< 0.0001 **
LM ^###(kg)	1,595	17.3 ± 2.3	11.6	27.9	1,700	19.0 ± 2.4	12.9	29.8	< 0.0001 **
LMI ^###(kg/m²)	1,578	11.9 ± 0.9	9.4	16.9	1,679	12.8 ± 0.9	10.0	16.8	< 0.0001 **

Variables	Girls				Boys
Variables	n	Weight	n	Height	n	Weight	n	Height
Socioeconomic index		p < 0.0001 *		p < 0.0001 **		p < 0.0001 *		p < 0.0001 **
Q1 (lower)	366	23.3 (22.7, 23.9)	367	1.19 (1.18, 1.19)	380	23.1 (22.6, 23.6)	387	1.20 (1.19, 1.20)
Q2	351	24.4 (23.7, 25.0)	351	1.20 (1.20, 1.21)	344	24.6 (24.0, 25.2)	349	1.21 (1.21, 1.22)
Q3	361	25.0 (24.4, 25.6)	367	1.20 (1.20, 1.21)	385	25.4 (24.8, 26.0)	383	1.22 (1.12, 1.22)
Q4	255	26.5 (25.6, 27.3)	258	1.22 (1.21, 1.23)	288	25.9 (25.2, 26.6)	289	1.23 (1.22, 1.23)
Q5 (upper)	255	26.0 (25.2, 26.7)	262	1.22 (1.21, 1.22)	297	27.5 (26.8, 28.2)	302	1.24 (1.23, 1.24)
Maternal education (years)		p < 0.0001 **		p < 0.0001 **		p < 0.0001 *		p < 0.0001 **
0-4	238	23.6 (22.8, 24.5)	240	1.19 (1.18, 1.19)	255	23.2 (22.6, 23.8)	256	1.20 (1.19, 1.20)
5-8	673	24.4 (23.9, 24.8)	681	1.20 (1.19, 1.20)	690	24.4 (24.0, 24.8)	698	1.21 (1.20, 1.21)
9-11	530	25.5 (25.0, 26.1)	535	1.21 (1.21, 1.22)	570	26.4 (25.9, 27.0)	573	1.23 (1.22, 1.23)
12 or more	136	26.6 (25.6, 27.6)	137	1.22 (1.21, 1.23)	175	26.7 (25.8, 27.5)	178	1.24 (1.23, 1.24)
Skin color		p = 0.6 ***		p = 0.7 ***		p = 0.1 ***		p = 0.04 ***
White	1,069	25.0 (24.6, 25.3)	1083	1.20 (1.20; 1,21)	1122	25.4 (25.0, 25.7)	1135	1.22 (1.21, 1.22)
Black	183	24.4 (23.5, 25.3)	183	1.21 (1.20; 1,21)	225	24.8 (24.0, 25.6)	226	1.22 (1.21, 1.22)
Brown	231	24.6 (23.8, 25.3)	234	1.20 (1.20, 1.21)	245	24.7 (23.9, 25.4)	247	1.21 (1.20, 1.21)
Other	98	24.6 (23.4, 25.8)	98	1.20 (1.19, 1.21)	81	24.5 (23.3, 25.6)	81	1.21 (1.20, 1.23)
Gestational age (weeks)		p = 0.002 ^#		p = 0.0001 ***		p < 0.0001 ***		p = 0.0002 ***
< 34	32	23.0 (21.1, 24.9)	31	1.17 (1.15, 1.19)	36	22.5 (20.5, 24.5)	39	1.19 (1.17, 1.21)
34-36	169	23.5 (22.7, 24.2)	168	1.19 (1.18, 1.20)	172	23.8 (22.9, 24.7)	171	1.21 (1.20, 1.22)
37-41	1287	25.1 (24.8, 25.5)	1304	1.21 (1.20, 1.21)	1386	25.5 (25.1, 25.8)	1399	1.22 (1.22, 1.22)
> 41	106	24.2 (23.2, 25.3)	108	1.20 (1.18, 1.21)	105	24.3 (23.3, 25.3)	106	1.20 (1.19, 1.22)

Variables	kg			%			kg/m²
Variables	n	FM	LM	n	FM	LM	n	FM	LM
Socioeconomic index		p < 0.0001 *	p < 0.0001 **		p < 0.0001 **	p < 0.0001 **		p < 0.0001 **	p = 0,8 ***
Q1 (lower)	366	5.3 (4.9, 5.7)	17.2 (17.0, 17.5)	375	20,8 (19.9, 21.2)	75.7 (74.8, 76.5)	359	3.7 (3.4, 3.9)	12,2 (12,1, 12,3)
Q2	351	6.0 (5.5, 6.4)	17.6 (17.3, 17.8)	356	22.6 (21.7, 23.6)	73.9 (73.0, 74.9)	346	4.0 (3.7, 4.3)	12,2 (12,1, 12,2)
Q3	361	6.4 (6.0, 6.9)	17.7 (17.5, 17.9)	368	24.0 (23.1, 24.9)	72.5 (71.7, 73.4)	360	4.4 (4.1, 4.6)	12,2 (12,1, 12,3)
Q4	255	7.4 (6.8, 7.9)	18.2 (17.9, 18.5)	260	25.7 (24.5, 26.8)	71.0 (69.8, 72.1)	253	4.8 (4.5, 5.2)	12,2 (12,1, 12,3)
Q5 (upper)	255	7.0 (6.5, 7.6)	18.0 (17.8, 18.3)	264	25.2 (24.0, 26.3)	71.4 (70.3, 72.5)	253	4.6 (4.3, 5.0)	12,2 (12,0, 12,3)
Maternal education (years)		p < 0.0001 **	p < 0.0001 *		p < 0.0001 **	p < 0.0001 **		p < 0.0001 **	p = 0,2 ***
0-4	238	5.5 (4.9, 6.0)	17.3 (17.0, 17.7)	244	21.0 (19.8, 22.1)	75.6 (74.5, 76.7)	234	3.8 (3.4, 4.1)	12,3 (12,2, 12,4)
5-8	673	6.0 (5.7, 6.3)	17.5 (17.3, 17.7)	686	22.9 (22.2, 23.6)	73.6 (72.9, 74.3)	669	4.1 (3.9, 4.3)	12.1 (12.1, 12.2)
9-11	530	6.7 (6.4, 7.1)	18.0 (17.8, 18.1)	543	24.5 (23.7, 25.3)	72.1 (71.4, 72.9)	522	4.5 (4.3, 4.7)	12.2 (12.1, 12.3)
12 or more	136	7.4 (6.6, 8.1)	18.3 (18.0, 18.7)	138	25.8 (24.2, 27.4)	70.8 (69.3, 72.4)	135	4.8 (4.4, 5.3)	12.2 (12.1, 12.4)
Skin color		p = 0.07 ***	p = 0.6 ***		p = 0.002 ***	p = 0.003 ***		p = 0.04 ***	p = 0.6 ***
White	1,069	6.5 (6.2, 6.7)	17.6 (17.5, 17.8)	1,094	24.0 (23.4, 24,5)	72.6 (72.1, 73.2)	1,059	4.4 (4.2, 4.5)	12.2 (12.1, 12.2)
Black	183	5.7 (5.1, 6.3)	17.9 (17.5, 18.2)	186	21.4 (20.1, 22.7)	75.1 (73.8, 76.3)	180	3.8 (3.5, 4.2)	12.3 (12.1, 12.4)
Brown	231	6.0 (5.5, 6.5)	17.7 (17.5, 18.0)	237	22.5 (21.3, 23.7)	74.0 (72.8, 75.1)	228	4.1 (3.7, 4.4)	12.2 (12.1, 12.3)
Other	98	6.2 (5.3, 7.1)	17.6 (17.2, 18.0)	99	23.0 (21.0, 25.1)	73.6 (71.5, 75.6)	97	4.1 (3.6, 4.7)	12.2 (12.0, 12.4)
Gestational age (weeks)		p = 0.003 ^#	p = 0.0005 ***		p = 0.01 ***	p = 0.01 ***		p = 0.01 ^#	p = 0.5 ***
< 34	32	5.5 (4.2, 6.8)	16.7 (16.1, 17.4)	32	21.9 (18.6, 25.2)	74.6 (71.3, 77.9)	31	3.9 (3.1, 4.7)	12.2 (11.9, 12.5)
34-36	169	5.4 (4.9, 6.0)	17.2 (16.9, 17.5)	171	21.4 (20.1, 22.7)	75.1 (73.8, 76.4)	167	3.7 (3.4, 4.0)	12.1 (12.0, 12.2)
37-41	1,287	6.5 (6.2, 6.7)	17.8 (17.7, 17.9)	1,318	23.8 (23.2, 24.3)	72.8 (72.3, 73.3)	1,273	4.3 (4.2, 4.5)	12.2 (12.2, 12.2)
> 41	106	6.0 (5.2, 6.7)	17,4 (17.0, 17.8)	108	22.7 (20.9, 24.5)	73.8 (72.0, 75.5)	106	4.1 (3.6, 4.5)	12.1 (12.0, 12.3)

Variables	kg			%			kg/m²
Variables	n	FM	LM	n	FM	LM	n	FM	LM
Socioeconomic index		p < 0.0001 *	p < 0.0001 **		p < 0.0001 *	p < 0.0001 *		p < 0.0001 *	p = 0.8 ***
Q1 (lower)	380	3.6 (3.3, 3.9)	18.6 (18.4, 18,9)	395	14.3 (13.6, 15.0)	82.1 (81.4, 82.8)	374	2.5 (2.3, 2.6)	13.0 (13.0, 13.1)
Q2	344	4.5 (4.1, 4.9)	19.2 (19.0, 19.5)	357	16.6 (15.7, 17.5)	79.8 (78.9, 80.7)	339	3.0 (2.7, 3.2)	13.0 (12.9, 13.2)
Q3	385	5.2 (4.9, 5.6)	19.3 (19.0, 19.5)	390	18.8 (17.9, 19.8)	77.7 (76.8, 78.6)	379	3.4 (3.2, 3.7)	13.0 (12.9, 13.1)
Q4	288	5.4 (5.0, 5.9)	19.6 (19.3, 19.8)	291	19.2 (18.1, 20.3)	77.3 (76.2, 78.3)	286	3.5 (3.2, 3.8)	13.0 (12.9, 13.1)
Q5 (upper)	297	6.6 (6.1, 7.1)	20.0 (19.7, 20.2)	304	22.1 (21.0, 23.2)	74.5 (73.4, 75.5)	295	4.2 (3.9, 4.5)	13.0 (12.9, 13.1)
Maternal education (years)		p < 0.0001 *	p < 0.0001 **		p < 0.0001 *	p < 0.0001 *		p < 0.0001 *	p = 0.7 ***
0-4	255	3.7 (3.3, 4.1)	18.7 (18.4, 18.9)	260	14.7 (13.8, 15.6)	81.8 (80.9, 82.6)	251	2.5 (2.3, 2.7)	13.0 (12.9, 13.1)
5-8	690	4.5 (4.2, 4.7)	19.1 (18.9, 19.2)	714	16.7 (16.1, 17.3)	79.7 (79.1, 80.4)	679	3.0 (2.8, 3.1)	13.0 (13.0, 13.1)
9-11	570	5.9 (5.5, 6.2)	19.7 (19.5, 19.9)	578	20.3 (19.5, 21.1)	76.2 (75.4, 77.0)	565	3.8 (3.6, 4.0)	13.0 (12.9, 13.1)
12 or more	175	5.9 (5.3, 6.5)	19.9 (19.5, 20.2)	180	20.2 (18.9, 21.6)	76.3 (75.0, 77.6)	174	3.7 (3.4, 4.1)	13.0 (12.8, 13.1)
Skin color		p = 0.0001 ^#	p = 0.3 ***		p = 0.2 ***	p < 0.0001 ***		p = 0.0001 ^#	p = 0.02 ***
White	1,122	5.2 (5.0, 5.4)	19.3 (19.1, 19.4)	1150	18.9 (18.3, 19.4)	77.7 (77.1, 78.2)	1,109	3.4 (3.3, 3.5)	13.0 (12.9, 13.0)
Black	225	4.4 (3.8, 4.9)	19.5 (19.2, 19.8)	231	15.3 (14.1, 16.5)	81.1 (79.9, 82.3)	221	2.8 (2.5, 3.2)	13.1 (13.0, 13.2)
Brown	245	4.7 (4.2, 5.2)	19.1 (18.8, 19.4)	252	16.9 (15.8, 18.1)	79.5 (78.3, 80.6)	243	3.1 (2.8, 3.4)	13.1 (13.0, 13.2)
Other	81	4.4 (3.6, 5.1)	19.2 (18.7, 19.7)	82	16.4 (14.7, 18.1)	80.0 (78.3, 81.7)	80	2.9 (2.5, 3.3)	13.1 (12,9. 13,3)
Gestational age (weeks)		p = 0.001 ***	p < 0.0001 ***		p = 0.3 ***	p < 0.0001 ***		p = 0.0007 ***	p = 0.002 ***
< 34	36	3.7 (2.5, 4.9)	18.0 (17.1, 18.9)	39	14.1 (11.5, 16.7)	82.2 (79.7, 84.7)	36	2.4 (1.8, 3.1)	12.7 (12.5, 13.0)
34-36	172	4.1 (3.5, 4.7)	18.8 (18.4, 19.2)	174	15.5 (14.3, 16.8)	80.9 (79.6, 82.1)	169	2.7 (2.4, 3.1)	12.8 (12.7, 12.9)
37-41	1,386	5.2 (4.9, 5.4)	19.4 (19.3, 19.5)	1,421	18.5 (18.0, 18.9)	78.0 (77.6, 78.5)	1,370	3.4 (3.2, 3.5)	13.1 (13.0, 13.1)
> 41	105	4.5 (3.9, 5.2)	18.9 (18.5, 19.3)	108	16.9 (15.1, 18.6)	79.6 (77.9, 81.2)	103	3.0 (2.6, 3.4)	13.0 (12.8, 13.2)

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[1] Correspondence: R. V. Zanini. Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Rua Marechal Deodoro 1160, 3º andar, Pelotas, RS. 96020-220, Brasil. robe.nutri@gmail.com