Walking, body mass index, and self-rated health in a representative sample of Spanish adults

Romo-Perez, Vicente; Souto, Dilia; Mota, Jorge

doi:10.1590/0102-311X00166414

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ARTICLE • Cad. Saúde Pública 32 (1) • 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00166414 copy

Walking, body mass index, and self-rated health in a representative sample of Spanish adults

Caminar, índice de masa corporal y percepción de la salud en una muestra representativa de la población adulta española

Caminhada, índice de massa corporal e percepção de saúde em amostra representativa da população adulta espanhola

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Obesity and physical inactivity (PI) are risk factors for chronic diseases and are associated with lifestyle and environmental factors. The study tested the association between PI, body mass index (BMI), and self-rated health in a representative sample of the Spanish adult population (N = 21,486). The sample included 41.5% men, with mean age 52.3 years (± 18.03), and age range 20-82 years. Prevalence of overweight/obesity was 34.2%/12.7% in women and 52.1%/12.7% in men (p < 0.001 for obesity in both sexes). 53% of women and 57.5% of men met recommended levels of physical activity by walking (≥ 150 minutes/week). According to logistic regression analysis, individuals that walked less had higher risk of overweight or obesity. Data from the population-based surveillance study support suggestions that regular walking by adults is associated with positive self-rated health and better BMI profile. Obesity and low/very low self-rated health have low prevalence rates to meet the recommendations.

Exercise; Gender Identity; Motor Activity; Adult

Variable	All (n = 21,486)			Male (n = 9,699, 41.5%)			Female (n = 11,787, 54.9%)
Variable	n	Mean or Median	95%CI or IQR	n	Mean or Median	95%CI or IQR	n	Mean or Median	95%CI or IQR
Age (years)	21,486	52.3	52.0-52.5	9,699	50.5	50.2-50.9	11,787	53.7 *	53.4-54.1
Weight (kg)	20,676	71.9	71.7-72.2	9,405	79.5	79.3-79.8	11,271	65.6 *	65.4-65.8
Height (cm)	20,346	166.1	166.0-166.2	9,405	172.5	172.4-172.7	10,941	160.6 *	160.4-160.7
Walking	21,486	180 **	420 ***	9,699	210 **	420 ***	11,787	180 ***^,#	420 ***
BMI (kg.m^-2)	19,924	26.0	25.9-26.1	9,253	26.7	26.6-26.8	10,671	25.4 *	25.3-25.5
	All			Male			Female
	n	Percent Mean	95%CI	n	Percent Mean	95%CI	n	Percent Mean	95%CI
BMI (categorical)
Normal	8,923	44.8	44.0-45.4	3,355	35.2	34.2-36.1	5,668	53.1	52.1-54.0
		22.3	22.3-22.4		22.9	22.9-23.0		21.9 ^##	21.9-22.0
Overweight	8,468	42.5	41.8-43.2	4,819	52.1	51.0-53.1	3,649	34.2 27.5	33.2-35.0
		27.5	27.5-27.6		27.5	27.5-27.6			27.5-27.6
Obesesity	2,533	12.7	12.2-13.1	1,179	12.7	12.1-13.4	1,354	12.7	12.0-13.3
		34.1	33.9-34.2		33.7	33.5-33.9		34.4 ^##	34.2-34.6
	n	Percent	95%CI	n	Percent	95%CI	n	Percent	95%CI
Self-rated health
Very poor/Poor	2,021	09.4	09.1-09.7	637	06.6	06.0-07.0	1,384	11.7 ^##	11.1-12.3
Fair	4,692	21.8	21.2-22.3	1,817	18.7	17.9-19.5	2,875	24.4 ^##	23.6-25.2
Good/Very good	14,773	68.8	68.1-69.4	7,245	74.7	73.8-75.5	7,528	63.9 ^##	62.9-64.7
Walking
Yes: > 150	21,486	55.2	54.5-55.8	9,699	57.5	56.5-58.5	11,787	53.2 ^###	52.3-54.1

	All			Male			Female
	n	PPA	95%CI	n	PPA	95%CI	n	PPA	95%CI
BMI (categorical)
Normal	8,923	57.19	56.76-58.81	3,255	58.55	56.85-60.23	5,668	57.35 *	56.06-58.63
Overweight	8,468	57.17	56.12-58.23	4,819	59.38	57.99-60.76	3,649	54.26 **	52.64-55.87
Obese	2,533	49.86	47.91-51.80	1,179	55.04	52.18-57.87	1,354	45.34 **	42.70-48.01
Self-rated health
Very poor/Poor	2,021	33.74	31.71-35.83	637	38.77	35.05-42.63	1,384	31.43 **	29.03-33.92
Fair	4,692	54.51	53.08-55.93	1,817	59.98	57.71-62.22	2,875	51.06 **	49.23-52.88
Good/Very good	14,773	58.32	57.53-59.12	7,245	58.56	57.42-59.69	7,528	58.10 ***	56.98-59.21

Variable to explain	Variables included	b	sx̅	p-value
Walking (min/week)	Constant	309.91	24.72	< 0.001
All	BMI	-3.95	0.67	< 0.001
	Self-rated health	56.69	4.93	< 0.001

Walking (min/week)	Constant	400.62	43.89	< 0.001
Male	BMI	-4.70	1.24	< 0.001
	Self-rated health	56.77	8.88	< 0.001

Walking (min/week)	Constant	287.08	28.41	< 0.001
Female	BMI	-2.85	0.73	< 0.001
	Self-rated health	55.13	5.45	< 0.001

Variable	All OR (95%CI)	Male OR (95%CI)	Female OR (95%CI)
BMI (categories)
Normal	1.00	1.00	1.00
Overweight	0.93 * (0.87-0.99)	0.95(0.86-1.04)	0.94 (0.86-1.03)
Obese	0.75 ** (0.68-0.82)	0.82 *** (0.71-0.94)	0.72 ** (0.64-0.82)
Self-rated health (self-reported)
Very poor/Poor	1.00	1.00	1.00
Fair	2.33 ** (2.07-2.62)	2.46 ** (2.02-3.00)	2.16 ** (1.87-2.51)
Good/Very good	2.85 ** (2.55-3.20)	2.79 ** (2.31-3.36)	2.82 ** (2.44-3.26)

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[1] Correspondence
D. Souto. Facultad de Deportes, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. Av. Monclova s/n, Campus Mexicali II, Mexicali, Baja California 21360, México. dsouto@uabc.edu.mx