Graetz et al. 3232. Graetz C, Plaumann A, Schlattmann P, Kahl M, Springer C, Sälzer S, et al. Long-term tooth retention in chronic periodontitis - results after 18 years of a conservative periodontal treatment regimen in a university setting. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44:169-77.
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This longitudinal study investigated the risk of tooth loss under a nonregenerative treatment regimen and aimed to identify prognostic factors for tooth loss. |
315 |
Nine years. Patients with chronic periodontitis who had been treated between 1982 and 1998 (according to a database) and received PMT (≥ 1 visit/year), including annual documentation of PD, as well as complete radiographic documentation at T0 and at the last documented PMT visit (T2). |
Smoking status was assessed categorically as nonsmoker/ex-smoker (quit > 5 years ago) or current smoker. Statistical analyses only used smoking status at T0; note that this ignores possible changes of smoking status during SPT. |
Current smokers had HR = 2.62 (95%CI: 1.34-5.14) for TL. Former smokers or individuals who never smoked had HR = 1.02 (95%CI: 0.59-1.76) for TL. |
Costa et al. 99. Costa FO, Lages EJ, Cota LO, Lorentz TC, Soares RV, Cortelli JR. Tooth loss in individuals under periodontal maintenance therapy: 5-year prospective study. J Periodontal Res 2014; 49:121-8.
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This 5-year study evaluated the incidence, underlying reasons and influence of risk predictors for the occurrence of TL in individuals undergoing a PMT program. |
212 |
Five years. All individuals had undergone APT. In the PMT program, there were 96 RC individuals with maintenance intervals of 6 months, and 116 IC individuals with a maximum interval of 18 months between recalls. |
This study included nonsmokers/ex-smokers and smokers (10-19 and > 19 cigarettes per day). |
IC smoker individuals lost significantly more teeth. OR = 4.22 (95%CI: 2.01-8.78). |
Ravald & Johanson 3131. Ravald N, Johansson CS. Tooth loss in periodontally treated patients: a long-term study of periodontal disease and root caries. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39:73-9.
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Assessed the numbers of lost teeth and causes for TL for a time period of 11-14 years after APT (during PMT). |
64 |
11-14 years. Individuals were submitted to PMT with 1-4 times per year maintenance intervals. Evaluated parameters were: BOP, PI, PD and bone level (measured radiographically). |
Subjects were divided into 3 groups: smokers with consumption of 1-9 cigarettes/day, smokers with consumption of more than 10 cigarettes/day, and nonsmokers. |
TL was significantly more prevalent among smokers than nonsmokers. Smoking contributed to explain TL with OR = 8.0 (95%CI: 1.6-39.0). |
Fisher et al. 55. Fisher S, Kells L, Picard JP, Gelskey SC, Singer DL, Lix L, et al. Progression of periodontal disease in a maintenance population of smokers and non-smokers: a 3-year longitudinal study. J Periodontol 2008; 79:461-8.
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Assessed disease progression longitudinally in smokers and nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis, undergoing PMT every 3-4 months. |
108 |
3 years. Individuals undergoing PMT underwent evaluation of the following parameters: PI, BOP, PD and CAL, with 3-4 intervals months for each recall. |
Smoking status was determined according to self-report, while analysis of expired carbon monoxide concentration identified and quantified this condition. A concentration ≤ 8ppm defined nonsmokers, and > 8ppm defined smokers. |
No significant difference in the mean number of teeth lost between smokers and nonsmokers at baseline or after 3 years PMT (p > 0.05). |
Chambrone & Chambrone 2323. Chambrone LA, Chambrone L. Tooth loss in well-maintained patients with chronic periodontitis during long-term supportive therapy in Brazil. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33:759-64.
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Assessed reasons for TL in individuals undergoing APT and PMT. |
120 |
Above 10 years. All subjects followed a PMT protocol: oral hygiene instructions; scaling and root planning; crown polishing; reassessment and surgical periodontal therapy, when indicated. Intervals ranged from 6-12 months. |
Individuals grouped into smokers or nonsmokers; number of cigarettes smoked per day not included. |
Smokers had the highest TL rates. OR = 4.76 (95%CI: 1.42-15.89). |
Leung et al. 2424. Leung WK, Ng DK, Jin L, Corbet EF. Tooth loss in treated periodontitis patients responsible for their supportive care arrangements. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33:265-75.
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Identified risk indicators associated with TL and periodontitis in individuals undergoing PMT. |
97 |
5-12 years. Subjects were instructed to perform their own PMT. At each first callback visit, they completed a questionnaire with a trained interviewer, to record TL reasons. |
11 of the previously treated patients were current smokers, with a self-reported cumulative consumption of 0.5-56.9 packs/year. |
TL due to periodontal reasons was 2.5 times higher for smokers in comparison to nonsmokers. |
König et al. 2020. König J, Plagmann HC, Rühling A, Kocher T. Tooth loss and pocket probing depths in compliant periodontally treated patients: a retrospective analysis. J Clin Periodontol 2002; 29:1092-100.
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Determined the treatment outcomes of compliant periodontal patients, which were observed for at least 8 years. All patients had been treated for moderate to advanced periodontitis and regularly received PMT. |
142 |
8-13 years. During PMT, dental prophylaxis and/or subgingival debridement were performed when the operator found necessary. Periodontal conditions were documented annually with PD charts and IP values. 12-month recall interval. |
Article mentions smokers and nonsmokers but does not describe the criteria for smoking status. |
Smoking significantly associated with TL (r
2 = 0.12). |