Toschke et al. 1919. Toschke A, Koletzko B, Slikker Jr. W, Hermann M, von Kries R. Childhood obesity is associated with maternal smoking in pregnancy. Eur J Pediatr 2002; 161:445-8. (2002) |
Germany |
Cross-sectional |
All |
8,765 |
< 10 |
Overweight and obesity |
von Kries et al. 2020. von Kries R, Toschke AM, Koletzko B, Slikker Jr. W. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood obesity. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156:954-61. (2002) |
Germany |
Cross-sectional |
All |
6,483 |
< 10 |
Overweight and obesity |
Bergmann et al. 2121. Bergmann KE, Bergmann RL, von Kries R, Böhm O, Richter R, Dudenhausen JW, et al. Early determinants of childhood overweight and adiposity in a birth cohort study: role of breast-feeding. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27:162-72. (2003) |
Germany |
Cohort |
All |
918 |
< 10 |
Overweight and obesity |
Toschke et al. 2222. Toschke AM, Montgomery SM, Pfeiffer U, von Kries R. Early intrauterine exposure to tobacco-inhaled products and obesity. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158:1068-74. (2003) |
Germany |
Cross-sectional |
All |
4,974 |
< 10 |
Overweight and obesity |
Widerøe et al. 2323. Widerøe M, Vik T, Jacobsen G, Bakketeig LS. Does maternal smoking during pregnancy cause childhood overweight? Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2003; 17:171-9. (2003) |
Norway and Sweden |
Cohort |
All |
482 |
< 10 |
Overweight or obesity |
Oken et al. 6565. Oken E, Huh SY, Taveras EM, Rich-Edwards JW, Gillman MW. Associations of maternal prenatal smoking with child adiposity and blood pressure. Obes Res 2005; 13:2021-8. (2005) |
United States |
Cohort |
All |
746 |
< 10 |
Overweight or obesity and BMI (Z score) |
Reilly et al. 2424. Reilly JJ, Armstrong J, Dorosty AR, Emmett PM, Ness A, Rogers I, et al. Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study. BMJ 2005; 330:1357. (2005) |
United Kingdom |
Cohort |
All |
7,758 |
< 10 |
Obesity |
Chen et al. 6666. Chen A, Pennell ML, Klebanoff MA, Rogan WJ, Longnecker MP. Maternal smoking during pregnancy in relation to child overweight: follow-up to age 8 years. Int J Epidemiol 2006; 35:121-30. (2006) |
United States |
Cohort |
All |
Male: 6,298; Female: 6,362; |
< 10 |
Overweight or obesity and BMI (kg/m2) |
Dubois & Girard 2525. Dubois L, Girard M. Early determinants of overweight at 4.5 years in a population-based longitudinal study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30:610-7. (2006) |
Canada |
Cohort |
All |
1,450 |
< 10 |
Overweight or obesity |
Leary et al. 5656. Leary SD, Smith GD, Rogers IS, Reilly JJ, Wells JCK, Ness AR. Smoking during pregnancy and offspring fat and lean mass in childhood. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14:2284-93. (2006) |
England |
Cohort |
All |
5,689 |
< 10 |
BMI (SD units) |
Macías Gelabert et al. 2626. Macías Gelabert A, Hernández Triana M, Ariosa Abreu J, Alegret Rodríguez M. Crecimiento prenatal y crecimiento posnatal asociados a obesidad en escolares. Rev Cuba Invest Biomed 2007; 26:1-16. (2007) |
Cuba |
Case-control |
All |
172 |
< 10 |
Obesity |
Goldani et al. 5757. Goldani MZ, Haeffner LSB, Agranonik M, Barbieri MA, Bettiol H, Silva AAM. Do early life factors influence body mass index in adolescents? Braz J Med Biol Res 2007; 40:1231-6. (2007) |
Brazil |
Cohort |
Male |
1,189 |
10-19 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
Mizutani et al. 2727. Mizutani T, Suzuki K, Kondo N, Yamagata Z. Association of maternal lifestyles including smoking during pregnancy with childhood obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:3133-9. (2007) |
Japan |
Cohort |
All |
1,417 |
< 10 |
Overweight and obesity |
Salsberry & Reagan 2828. Salsberry PJ, Reagan PB. Taking the long view: the prenatal environment and early adolescent overweight. Res Nurs Health 2007; 30:297-307. (2007) |
United States |
Cohort |
All |
3,368 |
10-19 |
Overweight or obesity |
Tomé et al. 2929. Tomé FS, Cardoso VC, Barbieri MA, Silva AAM, Simões VMF, Garcia CA, et al. Are birth weight and maternal smoking during pregnancy associated with malnutrition and excess weight among school age children? Braz J Med Biol Res 2007; 40:1221-30. (2007) |
Brazil |
Cohort |
All |
2,797 |
< 10 |
Overweight or obesity |
Koupil & Toivanen 6767. Koupil I, Toivanen P. Social and early-life determinants of overweight and obesity in 18-year-old Swedish men. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32:73-81. (2008) |
Sweden |
Cohort |
Male |
1,103 |
10-19 |
Overweight or obesity and BMI (kg/m2) |
Moschonis et al. 3030. Moschonis G, Grammatikaki E, Manios Y. Perinatal predictors of overweight at infancy and preschool childhood: the GENESIS study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32:39-47. (2008) |
Greece |
Cohort |
All |
1,667 |
< 10 |
Overweight or risk of overweight |
Sharma et al. 3131. Sharma AJ, Cogswell ME, Li R. Dose-response associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and subsequent childhood obesity: effect modification by maternal race/ethnicity in a low-income US cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 168:995-1007. (2008) |
United States |
Cohort |
All |
NHW: 82,361; NHB: 31,704; H: 34,378; AIAN: 2,228; API: 4,740 |
< 10 |
Obesity |
von Kries et al. 3232. von Kries R, Bolte G, Baghi L, Toschke AM; GME Study Group. Parental smoking and childhood obesity: is maternal smoking in pregnancy the critical exposure? Int J Epidemiol 2008; 37:210-6. (2008) |
Germany |
Cross-sectional |
All |
5,899 |
< 10 |
Overweight and obesity |
Fasting et al. 6868. Fasting MH, Oien T, Storro O, Nilsen TI, Johnsen R, Vik T. Maternal smoking cessation in early pregnancy and offspring weight status at four years of age. A prospective birth cohort study. Early Hum Dev 2009; 85:19-24. (2009) |
Norway |
Cohort |
All |
711 |
< 10 |
Overweight or obesity and BMI (kg/m2) |
Hawkins et al. 3333. Hawkins SS, Cole TJ, Law C. An ecological systems approach to examining risk factors for early childhood overweight: findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2009; 63:147-55. (2009) |
United Kingdom |
Cohort |
All |
13,188 |
< 10 |
Overweight or obesity |
Hesketh et al. 5858. Hesketh K, Carlin J, Wake M, Crawford D. Predictors of body mass index change in Australian primary school children. Int J Pediatr Obes 2009; 4:45-53. (2009) |
Australia |
Cohort |
All |
1,373 |
10-19 |
BMI (Z score) |
Braun et al. 6969. Braun JM, Daniels JL, Poole C, Olshan AF, Hornung R, Bernert JT, et al. Prenatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure and early childhood body mass index. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2010; 24:524-34. (2010) |
United States |
Cohort |
All |
356 |
< 10 |
Overweight or obesity and BMI (kg/m2) |
Iliadou et al. 7070. Iliadou AN, Koupil I, Villamor E, Altman D, Hultman C, Långström N, et al. Familial factors confound the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and young adult offspring overweight. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39:1193-202. (2010) |
Sweden |
Cohort |
Male |
124,203 |
≥ 20 |
Overweight or obesity and BMI (kg/m2) |
Koshy et al. 3434. Koshy G, Delpisheh A, Brabin BJ. Dose response association of pregnancy cigarette smoke exposure, childhood stature, overweight and obesity. Eur J Public Health 2010; 21:286-91. (2010) |
United Kingdom |
Cross-sectional |
All |
3,038 |
< 10 |
Overweight and obesity |
Kuhle et al. 3535. Kuhle S, Allen AC, Veugelers PJ. Prevention potential of risk factors for childhood overweight. Can J Public Health 2010; 101:365-8. (2010) |
Canada |
Cross-sectional |
All |
3,426 |
10-19 |
Overweight or obesity |
Mangrio et al. 3636. Mangrio E, Lindstrom M, Rosvall M. Early life factors and being overweight at 4 years of age among children in Malmo, Sweden. BMC Public Health 2010; 10:764. (2010) |
Sweden |
Cross-sectional |
All |
9,009 |
< 10 |
Overweight and obesity |
Pirkola et al. 3737. Pirkola J, Pouta A, Bloigu A, Hartikainen AL, Laitinen J, Järvelin MR, et al. Risks of overweight and abdominal obesity at age 16 years associated with prenatal exposures to maternal prepregnancy overweight and gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:1115-21. (2010) |
Finland |
Cohort |
All |
4,168 |
10-19 |
Overweight or obesity |
Power et al. 88. Power C, Atherton K, Thomas C. Maternal smoking in pregnancy, adult adiposity and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2010; 211:643-8. (2010) |
United Kingdom |
Cohort |
All |
8,815 |
≥ 20 |
Obesity and BMI (kg/m2) |
Seach et al. 3838. Seach KA, Dharmage SC, Lowe AJ, Dixon JB. Delayed introduction of solid feeding reduces child overweight and obesity at 10 years. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 34:1475-9. (2010) |
Australia |
Cohort |
All |
307 |
10-19 |
Overweight or obesity |
Beyerlein et al. 44. Beyerlein A, Rückinger S, Toschke AM, Schaffrath Rosario A, von Kries R. Is low birth weight in the causal pathway of the association between maternal smoking in pregnancy and higher BMI in the offspring? Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26:413-20. (2011) |
Germany |
Cross-sectional |
All |
12,383 |
10-19 |
BMI (SD score) |
Gorog et al. 3939. Gorog K, Pattenden S, Antova T, Niciu E, Rudnai P, Scholtens S, et al. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood obesity: results from the CESAR Study. Matern Child Health J 2011; 15:985-92. (2011) |
Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia |
Cross-sectional |
All |
8,926 |
10-19 |
Overweight and obesity |
Matijasevich et al. 5959. Matijasevich A, Brion MJ, Menezes AM, Barros AJ, Santos IS, Barros FC. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring growth in childhood: 1993 and 2004 Pelotas cohort studies. Arch Dis Child 2011; 96:519-25. (2011) |
Brazil |
Cohort |
All |
1993 cohort: 1,450; 2004 cohort: 3,799 |
< 10 |
BMI (Z score) |
Raum et al. 4040. Raum E, Kupper-Nybelen J, Lamerz A, Hebebrand J, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Brenner H. Tobacco smoke exposure before, during, and after pregnancy and risk of overweight at age 6. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:2411-7. (2011) |
Germany |
Cross-sectional |
All |
1,954 |
< 10 |
Overweight or obesity |
Chen et al. 4141. Chen YC, Chen PC, Hsieh WS, Portnov BA, Chen YA, Lee YL. Environmental factors associated with overweight and obesity in Taiwanese children. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2012; 26:561-71. (2012) |
Taiwan |
Cross-sectional |
All |
7,930 |
10-19 |
Overweight and obesity |
Cupul-Uicab et al. 4242. Cupul-Uicab LA, Skjaerven R, Haug K, Melve KK, Engel SM, Longnecker MP. In utero exposure to maternal tobacco smoke and subsequent obesity, hypertension, and gestational diabetes among women in the MoBa cohort. Environ Health Perspect 2012; 120:355-60. (2012) |
Norway |
Cross-sectional |
Female |
74,023 |
≥ 20 |
Obesity |
Gopinath et al. 4343. Gopinath B, Baur LA, Burlutsky G, Robaei D, Mitchell P. Socio-economic, familial and perinatal factors associated with obesity in Sydney schoolchildren. J Paediatr Child Health 2012; 48:44-51. (2012) |
Australia |
Cross-sectional |
All |
4,094 |
10-19 |
Overweight and/or obesity |
Janjua et al. 4444. Janjua NZ, Mahmood B, Islam MA, Goldenberg RL. Maternal and early childhood risk factors for overweight and obesity among low-income predominantly black children at age five years: a prospective cohort study. J Obes 2012; 2012:457173. (2012) |
United States |
Cohort |
All |
740 |
< 10 |
Overweight and obesity |
Mamun et al. 99. Mamun AA, O'Callaghan MJ, Williams GM, Najman JM. Maternal smoking during pregnancy predicts adult offspring cardiovascular risk factors: evidence from a community-based large birth cohort study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41106. (2012) |
Australia |
Cohort |
All |
2,038 |
≥ 20 |
Overweight, obesity and BMI (kg/m2) |
Messiah et al. 4545. Messiah SE, Arheart KL, Lipshultz SE, Bandstra ES, Miller TL. Perinatal factors associated with cardiovascular disease risk among preschool-age children in the United States: an analysis of 1999-2008 NHANES data. Int J Pediatr 2012; 2012:157237. (2012) |
United States |
Cross-sectional |
All |
H: 1,416; NHB: 1,090; NHW: 1,138 |
< 10 |
Overweight and obesity |
Plachta-Danielzik et al. 4646. Plachta-Danielzik S, Kehden B, Landsberg B. Attributable risks for childhood overweight: evidence for limited effectiveness of prevention. Pediatrics 2012; 130:e865-71. (2012) |
Germany |
Cross-sectional |
All |
34,240 |
< 10 |
Overweight or obesity |
Risvas et al. 4747. Risvas G, Papaioannou I, Panagiotakos D, Farajian P, Bountziouka V, Zampelas A. Perinatal and family factors associated with preadolesence overweight/obesity in Greece: the GRECO Study. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2012; 2:145-53. (2012) |
Greece |
Cross-sectional |
All |
2,093 |
10-19 |
Overweight or obesity |
Bingham et al. 4848. Bingham DD, Varela-Silva MI, Ferrão MM, Augusta G, Mourão MI, Nogueira H, et al. Socio-demographic and behavioral risk factors associated with the high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Portuguese children. Am J Hum Biol 2013; 25:733-42. (2013) |
Portugal |
Cross-sectional |
All |
17,136 |
< 10 |
Overweight and/or obesity |
Harris et al. 4949. Harris HR, Willett WC, Michels KB. Parental smoking during pregnancy and risk of overweight and obesity in the daughter. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 37:1356-63. (2013) |
United States |
Cohort |
Female |
35,020 |
≥ 20 |
Overweight and obesity |
Mattsson et al. 5050. Mattsson K, Källén K, Longnecker MP, Rignell-Hydbom A, Rylander L. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and daughters' risk of gestational diabetes and obesity. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1689-95. (2013) |
Sweden |
Cohort |
Female |
54,012 |
≥ 20 |
Obesity |
Pei et al. 7171. Pei Z, Flexeder C, Fuertes E, Thiering E, Koletzko B, Cramer C, et al. Early life risk factors of being overweight at 10 years of age: results of the German birth cohorts GINIplus and LISAplus. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67:855-62. (2013) |
Germany |
Cohort |
All |
Male: 1,588; Female: 1533 |
10-19 |
Overweight or obesity and BMI (Z score) |
Shi et al. 5151. Shi Y, De GM, Morrison H. Perinatal and early childhood factors for overweight and obesity in young Canadian children. Can J Public Health 2013;104:e69-74. (2013) |
Canada |
Cross-sectional |
All |
968 |
< 10 |
Overweight and obesity |
Wang et al. 5252. Wang L, Mamudu HM, Wu T. The impact of maternal prenatal smoking on the development of childhood overweight in school-aged children. Pediatr Obes 2013; 8:178-88. (2013) |
United States |
Cohort |
All |
1,041 |
10-19 |
Overweight or obesity |
Yang et al. 7272. Yang SM, Decker A, Kramer MS. Exposure to parental smoking and child growth and development: a cohort study. BMC Pediatr 2013; 13:104. (2013) |
Belarus |
Cohort |
All |
13,889 |
< 10 |
Overweight or obesity and BMI (kg/m2) |
Durmuş et al. 7373. Durmus B, Heppe DHM, Taal HR, Manniesing R, Raat H, Hofman A, et al. Parental smoking during pregnancy and total and abdominal fat distribution in school-age children: the Generation R Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:966-72. (2013) |
Netherlands |
Cohort |
All |
5,243 |
< 10 |
Overweight, obesity and BMI (kg/m2) |
Ehrenthal et al. 6060. Ehrenthal DB, Maiden K, Rao A, West DW, Gidding SS, Bartoshesky L, et al. Independent relation of maternal prenatal factors to early childhood obesity in the offspring. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 121:115-21. (2013) |
United States |
Cohort |
All |
3,302 |
< 10 |
BMI (Z score) |
Dior et al. 6161. Dior UP, Lawrence GM, Sitlani C, Enquobahrie D, Manor O, Siscovick DS, et al. Parental smoking during pregnancy and offspring cardio-metabolic risk factors at ages 17 and 32. Atherosclerosis 2014; 235:430-7. (2014) |
Israel |
Cohort |
All |
1,440 |
≥ 20 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
Florath et al. 55. Florath I, Kohler M, Weck MN, Brandt S, Rothenbacher D, Schöttker B, et al. Association of pre- and post-natal parental smoking with offspring body mass index: an 8-year follow-up of a birth cohort. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9:121-34. (2014) |
Germany |
Cohort |
All |
609 |
< 10 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
Huang et al. 5353. Huang DY, Lanza HI, Anglin MD. Trajectory of adolescent obesity: exploring the impact of prenatal to childhood experiences. J Child Fam Stud 2014; 23:1090-101. (2014) |
United States |
Cohort |
All |
5,156 |
10-19 |
Obesity |
Moller et al. 5454. Moller SE, Ajslev TA, Andersen CS, Dalgård C, Sørensen TI. Risk of childhood overweight after exposure to tobacco smoking in prenatal and early postnatal life. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109184. (2014) |
Denmark |
Cohort |
All |
32,747 |
< 10 |
Overweight or obesity |
Riedel et al. 66. Riedel C, Fenske N, Müller MJ, Plachta-Danielzik S, Keil T, Grabenhenrich L, et al. Differences in BMI z-scores between offspring of smoking and nonsmoking mothers: a longitudinal study of German children from birth through 14 years of age. Environ Health Perspect 2014; 122:761-7. (2014) |
Germany |
Cohort |
All |
Male: 540; Female: 509 |
10-19 |
BMI (Z score) |
Suzuki et al. 7474. Suzuki K, Sato M, Zheng W, Shinohara R, Yokomichi H, Yamagata Z. Effect of maternal smoking cessation before and during early pregnancy on fetal and childhood growth. J Epidemiol 2014; 24:60-6. (2014) |
Japan |
Cohort |
All |
Male: 1,134; Female: 1,096 |
< 10 |
Overweight or obesity and BMI (kg/m2) |
Timmermans et al. 7575. Timmermans SH, Mommers M, Gubbels JS, Kremers SP, Stafleu A, Stehouwer CD, et al. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood overweight and fat distribution: the KOALA Birth Cohort Study. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9:e14-25. (2014) |
Netherlands |
Cohort |
All |
1,730 |
< 10 |
Overweight or obesity and BMI (Z score) |
Fairley et al. 6262. Fairley L, Santorelli G, Lawlor DA, Bryant M, Bhopal R, Petherick ES, et al. The relationship between early life modifiable risk factors for childhood obesity, ethnicity and body mass index at age 3 years: findings from the Born in Bradford birth cohort study. BMC Obesity 2015; 2:9. (2015) |
United Kingdom |
Cohort |
All |
987 |
< 10 |
BMI (Z score) |
Grzeskowiak et al. 77. Grzeskowiak LE, Hodyl NA, Stark MJ, Morrison JL, Clifton VL. Association of early and late maternal smoking during pregnancy with offspring body mass index at 4 to 5 years of age. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 6:485-92. (2015) |
Australia |
Cohort |
All |
7,658 |
< 10 |
BMI (Z score) |
Mourtakos et al. 5555. Mourtakos SP, Tambalis KD, Panagiotakos DB, Antonogeorgos G, Arnaoutis G, Karteroliotis K, et al. Maternal lifestyle characteristics during pregnancy, and the risk of obesity in the offspring: a study of 5,125 children. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015; 15:66. (2015) |
Greece |
Cross-sectional |
All |
5,125 |
< 10 |
Obesity |
Thurber et al. 6363. Thurber KA, Dobbins T, Kirk M, Dance P, Banwell C. Early life predictors of increased body mass index among Indigenous Australian children. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130039. (2015) |
Australia |
Cohort |
All |
682 |
< 10 |
BMI (Z score) |
Li et al. 6464. Li L, Peters H, Gama A, Carvalhal MI, Nogueira HG, Rosado-Marques V, et al. Maternal smoking in pregnancy association with childhood adiposity and blood pressure. Pediatr Obes 2016; 11:202-9. (2016) |
Portugal |
Cross-sectional |
All |
Male: 8,798; Female: 8,488 |
< 10 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
Robinson et al. 7676. Robinson O, Martínez D, Aurrekoetxea JJ, Estarlich M, Somoano AF, Íñiguez C, et al. The association between passive and active tobacco smoke exposure and child weight status among Spanish children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1767-77. (2016) |
Spain |
Cohort |
All |
INMA subcohorts: 1,866; Menorca subcohort: 427 |
INMA subcohorts: 10; Menorca subcohort: 10-19 |
Overweight or obesity and BMI (Z score) |