Inversion of traditional gender roles and intimate partner violence against pregnant women

Ribeiro, Marizélia Rodrigues Costa; Silva, Antônio Augusto Moura da; Schraiber, Lilia Blima; Murray, Joseph; Alves, Maria Teresa Seabra Soares de Britto e; Batista, Rosângela Fernardes Lucena; Rodrigues, Livia dos Santos; Bettiol, Heloisa; Cavalli, Ricardo de Carvalho; Barbieri, Marco Antonio

doi:10.1590/0102-311X00113919

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Cadernos de Saúde Pública

Español English

Brasil

Español English

sumário « anterior atual seguinte »

Sumário

ARTICLE • Cad. Saúde Pública 36 (5) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00113919 copy

Inversion of traditional gender roles and intimate partner violence against pregnant women

Inversão de papéis tradicionais de gênero e violência por parceiros íntimos contra gestantes

Inversión de los roles tradicionales de género y violencia doméstica contra mujeres embarazadas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

This study analyzed the association between the inversion of traditional gender roles and exclusive psychological and physical/sexual intimate partner violence, in a cross-sectional study of Brazilian pregnant women, identified through prenatal services in the municipalities of São Luís, Maranhão State (n = 992) and Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State (n = 943). The pregnant women ranged from 12 to 45 years. Inversion of traditional gender roles was assessed by calculating differences in age, education and occupation between pregnant women and their co-residing intimate partners and identifying the largest contribution to family income. The conceptual model was tested with structural equation modeling and showed acceptable fit. The prevalence of any type of intimate partner violence was 29.8% in São Luís and 20.1% in Ribeirão Preto. In both municipalities, pregnant women were more likely to suffer exclusive psychological and physical/sexual violence when they had the highest income in the family (p < 0.005). In São Luís, physical/sexual violence was more common among women who were better educated than their partners (standardized coefficient, SC = -0.466; p = 0.007). In Ribeirão Preto, exclusive psychological violence was more frequent among women who had lower status occupations than their partners (SC = 0.236; p = 0.004). Inversion of traditional gender roles is associated with exclusive psychological and physical/sexual violence against pregnant women by their co-residing intimate partners. These findings suggest that women's empowerment at an individual level does not necessarily relieve them of intimate partner abuse in social contexts where traditional gender norms persist.

Keywords:
Gender-Based Violence; Interpersonal Relations; Intimate Partner Violence; Structural Models; Pregnancy

Descriptive analyses	São Luís		Ribeirão Preto		p-value
Descriptive analyses	n	%	n	%
Intimate partner violence *	1,033		950		< 0.001
None	725	70.2	759	79.9
Once	75	7.3	37	3.9
Few times	59	5.7	38	4.0
Many times	174	16.8	116	12.2
Psychological violence	1,037		952		< 0.001
None	740	71.4	765	80.4
Once	78	7.5	39	4.1
Few times	74	7.1	47	4.9
Many times	145	14.0	101	10.6
Physical violence	1,034		959		0.042
None	923	89.3	877	91.4
Once	58	5.6	29	3.0
Few times	19	1.8	17	1.8
Many times	34	3.3	36	3.8
Sexual violence	1,036		962		0.075
None	1,006	97.1	942	98.0
Once	16	1.5	4	0.4
Few times	5	0.5	7	0.7
Many times	9	0.9	9	0.9

Variables	São Luís		Ribeirão Preto		p-value
Variables	n	%	n	%
Variables measured in the prenatal period
Economic class *			884		< 0.001
D/E	140	14.7	107	12.1
C	667	69.8	541	61.2
A/B	148	15.5	236	26.7
Family income (in minimum wages)	962		851		< 0.001
Less than one	56	5.8	28	3.3
1 to less than 3	541	56.3	413	48.5
3 to less than 5	227	23.6	257	30.2
5 or more	138	14.3	153	18.0
Occupation of the person with the highest income in the family	937		902		< 0.001
Unskilled manual laborer	278	29.7	309	34.3
Semi-specialized manual laborer	383	40.9	434	48.1
Specialized manual laborer	51	5.4	45	5.0
Office duties	149	15.9	78	8.6
High-level professional	47	5.0	27	3.0
Administrator/Manager/Director/Owner	29	3.1	9	1.0
Years of study of the pregnant woman	991		925		< 0.001
0-4	14	1.4	37	4.0
5-8	117	11.8	228	24.6
9-11	746	75.3	586	63.4
12 or more	114	11.5	74	8,0
Differences in age between the women and the co-residing intimate partners	810		790		0.077
Pregnant woman - partner > 5 years	50	6.2	38	4.8
Pregnant woman - partner = 1-5 years	145	17.9	114	11.4
Pregnant woman - partner = 0	57	7.0	72	9.1
Partner - pregnant woman =1-5 years	302	37.3	327	41.4
Partner - pregnant woman > 5 years	256	31.6	239	30.3
Differences in schooling between the women and the co-residing intimate partners	798		731		< 0.001
Woman’s schooling > intimate partner	175	21.9	193	26.4
Woman’s schooling = intimate partner	540	67.7	426	58.3
Woman’s schooling < intimate partner	83	10.4	112	15.3
Differences in occupation between the women and the co-residing intimate partners	802		771		0.720
Woman’s occupation > intimate partner	341	42.5	343	44.5
Woman’s occupation = intimate partner	49	6.1	43	5.6
Woman’s occupation < intimate partner	412	51.4	385	49.9
Person with the highest financial contribution in the family	990		936		0.018
Pregnant woman	117	11.8	100	10.7
Others	282	28.5	220	23.5
Intimate partner	591	59.7	616	65.8
Variables measured at the time of the children’s birth
Woman’s self-reported skin color	992		943		< 0.001
White	165	16.6	479	50.8
Others	827	83.4	464	49.2
Woman’s religion	836		761		0.020
Catholic	540	64.6	448	58.9
Evangelical	296	35.4	313	41.1

Fit indices	São Luís	Ribeirão Preto
Exclusive psychological violence *
χ²	1594.619	1915.806
Degrees of freedom	372	372
p-value	< 0.001	< 0.001
RMSEA	0.058	0.066
90%CI	0.055-0.060	0.063-0.069
p-value	< 0.001	< 0.001
CFI	0.976	0.976
TLI	0.972	0.972
WRMR	1.510	1.682
Physical/Sexual violence **
χ²	1599.774	1930.729
Degrees of freedom	400	400
p-value	< 0.001	< 0.001
RMSEA	0.055	0.064
90%CI	0.052-0.058	0.061-0.067
p-value	0.002	< 0.001
CFI	0.977	0.976
TLI	0.973	0.972
WRMR	1.481	1640

Paths	São Luís			Ribeirão Preto
Paths	SC	SE	p-value	SC	SE	p-value
Indicators of latent variables
Exclusive psychological violence
ses
ses by class	0.631	0.039	< 0.001	0.588	0.050	< 0.001
ses by inc	0.622	0.040	< 0.001	0.593	0.050	< 0.001
ses by occu	0.457	0.042	< 0.001	0.428	0.051	< 0.001
ses by edu	0.826	0.049	< 0.001	0.786	0.061	< 0.001
supp
supp by int	0.980	0.005	< 0.001	0.983	0.005	< 0.001
supp by emoinf	0.952	0.006	< 0.001	0.966	0.004	< 0.001
supp by affe	0.943	0.008	< 0.001	0.934	0.008	< 0.001
supp by tang	0.860	0.013	< 0.001	0.928	0.007	< 0.001
Physical/Sexual violence
ses
ses by class	0.632	0.040	< 0.001	0.589	0.050	< 0.001
ses by inc	0.624	0.040	< 0.001	0.594	0.050	< 0.001
ses by occu	0.455	0.042	< 0.001	0.426	0.052	< 0.001
ses by edu	0.824	0.049	< 0.001	0.785	0.061	< 0.001
supp
supp by int	0.980	0.005	< 0.001	0.983	0.005	< 0.001
supp by emoinf	0.951	0.006	< 0.001	0.966	0.004	< 0.001
supp by affe	0.944	0.008	< 0.001	0.934	0.008	< 0.001
supp by tang	0.860	0.013	< 0.001	0.928	0.007	< 0.001
physexv
physexv by phyv	0.714	0.111	< 0.001	0.870	0.144	< 0.001
physexv by sexv	0.742	0.122	< 0.001	0.810	0.144	< 0.001
Total, direct and indirect effects
Exclusive psychological violence
skin
total effect	-0.051	0.046	0.266	-0.103	0.055	0.060
direct effect	0.051	0.046	0.274	-0.091	0.062	0.141
indirect effect	0.000	0.015	0.991	-0.012	0.034	0.720
ses
total effect	0.085	0.056	0.131	0.011	0.075	0.887
direct effect	-0.001	0.125	0.994	0.140	0.114	0.220
indirect effect	0.086	0.095	0.362	-0.129	0.069	0.060
relig
total effect	-0.052	0.068	0.443	0.074	0.075	0.325
direct effect	-0.027	0.070	0.700	0.087	0.076	0.250
indirect effect	-0.025	0.021	0.223	-0.013	0.026	0.610
difage
total effect	0.027	0.055	0.625	-0.123	0.066	0.062
direct effect	0.041	0.055	0.447	-0.146	0.071	0.039
indirect effect	-0.015	0.018	0.404	0.023	0.026	0.384
difedu
total effect	-0.165	0.115	0.150	0.029	0.101	0.777
direct effect	-0.153	0.121	0.207	0.041	0.103	0.693
indirect effect	-0.013	0.029	0.658	-0.012	0.029	0.672
difoccu
total effect	-0.010	0.067	0.881	0.236	0.081	0.004
direct effect	0.053	0.073	0.467	0.297	0.082	< 0.001
indirect effect	-0.063	0.022	0.004	-0.061	0.028	0.030
via fam	-	-	-	-0.056	0.025	0.027
fam
total effect	-0.202	0.064	0.002	-0.189	0.070	0.007
direct effect	-0.182	0.065	0.005	-0.202	0.069	0.003
indirect effect	-0.020	0.010	0.047	0.013	0.012	0.254
via supp	-0.020	0.010	0.047	-	-	-
supp
total effect	-0.156	0.055	0.005	-0.249	0.062	< 0.001
direct effect	-0.156	0.055	0.005	-0.249	0.062	< 0.001
Physical/Sexual violence
skin
total effect	-0.027	0.070	0.694	-0.013	0.067	0.848
direct effect	-0.063	0.073	0.386	-0.065	0.071	0.360
indirect effect	0.036	0.029	0.213	0.052	0.034	0.125
ses
total effect	-0.121	0.077	0.114	-0.087	0.075	0.246
direct effect	-0.367	0.180	0.041	-0.118	0.116	0.311
indirect effect	0.245	0.139	0.078	0.031	0.068	0.651
relig
total effect	0.078	0.092	0.394	0.094	0.091	0.302
direct effect	0.117	0.099	0.238	0.107	0.090	0.232
indirect effect	-0.039	0.038	0.311	-0.014	0.028	0.624
difage
total effect	-0.097	0.079	0.221	-0.134	0.088	0.131
direct effect	-0.094	0.081	0.246	-0.111	0.084	0.189
indirect effect	-0.003	0.028	0.915	-0.023	0.028	0.413
difedu
total effect	-0.466	0.172	0.007	-0.213	0.113	0.059
direct effect	-0.411	0.176	0.020	-0.194	0.111	0.080
indirect effect	-0.054	0.039	0.170	-0.019	0.025	0.460
difoccu
total effect	-0.044	0.092	0.636	-0.045	0.098	0.648
direct effect	0.020	0.096	0.836	0.027	0.102	0.787
indirect effect	-0.063	0.030	0.036	-0.072	0.033	0.029
fam
total effect	-0.184	0.087	0.035	-0.217	0.094	0.021
direct effect	-0.144	0.085	0.093	-0.235	0.093	0.010
indirect effect	-0.040	0.018	0.023	0.018	0.016	0.250
via supp	-0.040	0.018	0.023	-	-	-
supp
total effect	-0.312	0.085	< 0.001	-0.339	0.075	< 0.001
direct effect	-0.312	0.085	< 0.001	-0.339	0.075	< 0.001

Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480 , 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil, Tel.:+55 21 2598-2511, Fax: +55 21 2598-2737 / +55 21 2598-2514 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
E-mail: cadernos@ensp.fiocruz.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

[1] Correspondence
M. R. C. Ribeiro Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão. Pça. Gonçalves Dias 21, Prédio do Curso de Medicina, São Luís, MA 65020-240, Brasil. marizelia13@gmail.com