Fig. 1
Mikania spp. – Morphological appearance of leaves – A. Mikania campanulata Gardner, B. M. cordifolia (L.f.) Willd, C. M. glomerata Spreng., D. M. hastato-cordata Malme, E. M. microptera DC., and F. M. sessilifolia DC. Scale bar = 2 cm.
Fig. 2
Mikania spp. View of the leaf surface, showing stomata (st) and uniseriate glandular trichome (ut) – Abaxial side – A. M. campanulata, B. M. cordifolia, C. M. glomerata, G. M. hastato-cordata, H. M. microptera, I. M. sessilifolia. Adaxial side – D. M. campanulata, E. M. cordifolia, F. M. glomerata, J. M. hastato-cordata, K. M. microptera, L. M. sessilifolia. Scale bar = 20 µm.
Fig. 3
Mikania spp. View of the leaf surface – scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showing striated cuticle (cu), capitate glandular trichome (ct), stomatum (st), non-glandular trichome (nt), uniseriate glandular trichome (ut). A, E, H. Adaxial side of M. campanulata; B. Abaxial and F. Adaxial side of M. cordifolia; C and D. Adaxial side and G. Abaxial side of M. glomerata; J. Abaxial and M. Adaxial side of M. hastato-cordata; I, K, N. Abaxial side of M. microptera, L. Adaxial side and O. Abaxial side of M. sessilifolia.
Fig. 4
Mikania spp. A–C, E, E, G. Trichomes in cross-section and D, F. Trichomes in frontal view. A. Capitate glandular trichome (ct) in M. campanulata, B. Non-glandular trichome (nt) in M. cordifolia, C. Capitate glandular trichome (ct) in M. glomerata, D. Uniseriate glandular trichome (ut) in M. microptera, E. Uniseriate glandular trichome (ut) in M. hastato-cordata, F. Capitate glandular trichome (ct) and stomatum (st) in M. sessilifolia, F. Non-glandular trichome (nt) in M. sessilifolia, G. Capitate glandular trichome (ct) in M. sessilifolia. Scale bar = 20 µm.
Fig. 5
Mikania spp. Leaf blade in cross-section, showing epidermis (ep), hypodermis (hy), palisade parenchyma (pp), spongy parenchyma (sp), vascular bundle (vb). A. M. campanulata, B. M. cordifolia, C. M. glomerata, D. M. hastato-cordata, E. M. microptera, F. M. sessilifolia. Scale bar = 200 µm.
Fig. 6
Mikania spp. Midrib in cross-section, showing collenchyma (co) epidermis (ep), ground parenchyma (gp), palisade parenchyma (pp), spongy parenchyma (sp), vascular bundle (vb). A. M. campanulata, B. M. cordifolia, C. M. glomerata, D. M. hastato-cordata, E. M. microptera, F. M. sessilifolia. Scale bar = 200 µm.
Fig. 7
Mikania spp. Petiole in cross-section, showing collenchyma (co), ground parenchyma (gp) and vascular bundle (vb). A. M. campanulata, B. M. cordifolia, C. M. glomerata, D. M. hastato-cordata, E. M. microptera, F. M. sessilifolia. Scale bar = 200 µm (A–E), 50 µm (F).
Fig. 8
Mikania spp. General appearance of stem in cross-section, showing the epidermis (ep), pith (pi), ribs (ri), sclerenchymatous ring (sr). A. M. campanulata, B. M. cordifolia, C. M. glomerata, D. M. hastato-cordata, E. M. microptera, F. M. sessilifolia. Scale bar = 200 µm.
Fig. 9
Mikania spp. A, D. M. campanulata, B, E, H. M. cordifolia, C, F. M. glomerata, G, J. M. hastato-cordata, K. M. microptera, I, L. M. campanulata. Details of the parts of the stem, showing ca, cambia; ct, capitate glandular tricome; co, collenchyma; cu, cuticle; cx, cortex; cr, crystals of calcium oxalate; en, endodermis; ep, epidermis; pi, pith; ph, phloem; sc, sclerenchymatous sheath; scc, sclerenchymatous cells; sd, secretory ducts; sg, starch grain; and xy, xylem. Scale bar = 50 µm (D, E, G, I, J, L), 100 µm (A–C, F, K).
Fig. 10
EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) spectra of crystals of M. coridifolia.