Childhood maltreatment and psychological adjustment: a systematic review

Pacheco, Janaína Thais Barbosa; Irigaray, Tatiana Quarti; memoriam), Blanca Werlang (in; Nunes, Maria Lucia Tiellet; Argimon, Irani Iracema de Lima

doi:10.1590/1678-7153.201427422

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Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica

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Developmental Psychology • Psicol. Reflex. Crit. 27 (4) • Oct-Dec 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7153.201427422 copy

Childhood maltreatment and psychological adjustment: a systematic review

Maus-tratos na infância e ajustamento psicológico: uma revisão sistemática

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

This study aimed to investigate the effects of exposure to child maltreatment on self-esteem, social competence, peer relationships and school performance through a systematic literature review. For this purpose, a search of articles indexed in Medline, PsycINFO, Embase and Amed databases between 1984 and 2012 was done. In this review, 19 empirical articles in English were analyzed based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. These studies highlight that, overall, both adults and children/teenagers who were exposed to maltreatment during childhood showed impairments on self-esteem, social competence, peer relationships, and school performance. The analysis of the articles has also allowed the identification of the instruments used to assess the variables of interest and the description of the profile of those who participated of the studies included in this review.

Maltreatment; self-esteem; social competence; peers; school performance

Author (year)	Sample (N)	Variables analyzed	Instruments used
Studies with adults
Arata, Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Bowers, & O’Farrill-Swails (2005)	384	Maltreatment Self-esteem	Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ; Bernstein et al., 1994Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., ...Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132-1136.) Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.)
Van Bruggen et al. (2006)Van Bruggen, L., Runtz, M., & Kadlec, H. (2006). Sexual revictimization: The role of sexual self-esteem and dysfunctional sexual behaviors. Child Maltreatment, 11(2), 131-145. doi:10.1177/1077559505285780 https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559505285780...	402	Maltreatment Self-esteem	Childhood maltreatment interview schedule short form (CMIS-F) Sexual Self-Esteem Inventory for Women (SSEI-W)
Shen (2009)Shen, C. T. (2009). Self-esteem of young adults experiencing interparental violence and child physical maltreatment parental and peer relationships as mediators. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(5), 770-794. doi:10.1177/0886260508317188 https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260508317188...	1924	Maltreatment Self-esteem	Conflict Tactics Scales, Physical Assault SubScale Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.) – Chinese Version
Herrenkohl, Klika, Herrenkohl, Russo, & Dee (2012)Herrenkohl, T. I., Klika, J., Herrenkohl, R. C., Russo, M. G., & Dee, T. (2012). A prospective investigation of the relationship between child maltreatment and indicators of adult psychological well-being. Violence Victims, 27(5), 764-776.	357	Maltreatment Self-esteem	Protection programs or official registries Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.)
Studies with children
Vondra, Barnett, & Cicchetti (1989)Vondra, J., Barnett, D., & Cicchetti, D. (1989). Perceived and actual competence among maltreated and comparison school children. Development and Psychopathology, 1(3), 237-255.	104	Maltreatment Social competence	Not described in the article Harter’s Perceived Competence
Kaufman & Cicchetti (1989)Kaufman, J., & Cicchetti, D. (1989). Effects of maltreatment on school-age children's socioemotional development: Assessments in a day-camp setting. Developmental Psychology, 25(4), 516-524.	137	Maltreatment Self-esteem	Protection programs or official registries California Child Q-sort
Hibbard, Spence, Tzeng, Zollinger, & Orr (1992)Hibbard, R. A., Spence, C., Tzeng, O. C., Zollinger, T., & Orr, D. P. (1992). Child abuse and mental health among adolescents in dependent care. Journal of Adolescent Health, 13(2), 121-127.	82	Maltreatment Self-esteem	Protection programs or official registries Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy Scale
Eckenrode, Laird, & Doris (1993)	840	Maltreatment Academic performance	Protection programs or official registries School reports. Standardized Iowa Test of Basic Skills scores. Final grades in reading/English and mathematics. Number of failed grades
Bolger et al. (1998)	214	Maltreatment Self-esteem Peer relationships	Protection programs or official registries Self-Perception Profile (Harter, 1985Harter, S. (1985). Manual for the self-perception profile for children. Denver, CO: University of Denver.) Peer nomination task
Kinard (1999a)Kinard, E. M. (1999a). Perceived social skills and social competence in maltreat children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69(4), 465-468.	334	Maltreatment Social competence	Not described in the article Harter self-perception profile for children
Kinard (1999b)Kinard, E. M. (1999b). Psychosocial resources and academic performance in abused children. Children and Youth Services Review, 21(5), 351-376. doi:10.1016/S0190-7409(99)00026-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-7409(99)00...	334	Maltreatment Academic performance	Protection programs or official registries Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT)
Lynch & Cicchetti (1998)Lynch, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). An ecological-transactional analysis of children and contexts: The longitudinal interplay among child maltreatment, community violence, and children's symptomatology. Development and Psychopathology, 10(2), 235-257. doi:10.1017/S095457949800159X https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457949800159...	322	Maltreatment Self-esteem	Protection programs or official registries Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI; Coopersmith, 1981Coopersmith, S. C. (1981). Self-esteem Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.)
Sullivan & Knutson (2000)Sullivan, P. M., & Knutson, J. F. (2000). The prevalence of disabilities and maltreatment among runaway children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24(10), 1275-1288. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00181-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00...	562	Maltreatment Academic performance	Protection programs or official registries California Achievement Test. School attendance
Kinard (2001)Kinard, E. M. (2001). Perceived and actual academic competence in maltreated children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25(1), 33-45. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00219-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00...	374	Maltreatment Academic performance	Protection programs or official registries Harter Self-Perception Porfile for children. Wide Range Achievement (WRAT)
Kim & Cicchetti, (2004)Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2004). A longitudinal study of child maltreatment, mother-child relationship quality and maladjustment: The role of self-esteem and social competence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(4), 341-354.	345	Maltreatment Self-esteem Social competence	Protection programs or official registries Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI; Coopersmith, 1981Coopersmith, S. C. (1981). Self-esteem Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.) Pupil Evaluation Inventory (PEI).
De Bellis, Hooper, Spratt, & Woolley (2009)De Bellis, M. D., Hooper, S. R., Spratt, E. G., & Woolley, D. P. (2009). Neuropsychological findings in childhood neglect and their relationships to pediatric PTSD. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15(6), 868-878. doi:10.1017/S1355617709990464 https://doi.org/10.1017/S135561770999046...	106	Maltreatment Academic performance	Protection programs or official registries Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Academic Achievement
Kim & Cicchetti (2010)Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology Psychiatry, 51(6), 706-716. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02202.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009...	421	Maltreatment Peer relationships	Protection programs or official registries Peer nomination task
Soler, Paretilla, Kirchner, & Forns (2012)Soler, L., Paretilla, C., Kirchner, T., & Forns, M. (2012). Effects of poly-victimization on self-esteem and post-traumatic stress symptoms in Spanish adolescents. European Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 21(11), 645-653. doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0301-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-012-0301-...	722	Maltreatment Self-esteem	Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.)
Leeson & Nixon (2011)Leeson, F. J., & Nixon, R. D. V. (2011). The role of children's appraisals on adjustment following psychological maltreatment: A pilot study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(5), 759-771. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9507-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9507-...	50	Maltreatment Self-esteem	Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ; Bernstein et al., 1994Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., ...Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132-1136.) Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI;Coopersmith, 1981Coopersmith, S. C. (1981). Self-esteem Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.)

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[1] * Mailing address: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil 90619-900. E-mail: janainapacheco@uol.com.br, tatiana.irigaray@superig.com.br and argimoni@pucrs.br