Example of basic method at the individual level |
Modeling: Providing an appropriate model; being reinforced for the desired action (Social Cognitive Theory, theories of learning; Kazdin, 2012Kazdin, A. E. (2012). Behavior modification in applied settings. (7th ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.; Kelder et al. 2015Kelder, S., Hoelscher, D., & Perry, C. L. (2015). How individuals, environments and health behaviors interact: Social cognitive theory. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior: Theory, research, and practice (5th ed., pp. 159–182). San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.) |
Attention, remembrance, self-efficacy and skills; reinforcement of the model; identification with model; coping model instead of mastery model. |
The health promoter finds a role model from the community or at-risk group who will encourage identification and serve as a coping model: “I tried to quit smoking several times and failed; then I tried… Now I have been off cigarettes for…” |
Example of method to change habitual, automatic, and impulsive behavior |
Cue altering: Teaching people to change a stimulus that elicits or signals a behavior (Theories of goal directed behavior, theories of automatic, impulsive and habitual behavior; Verplanken & Aarts, 1999Verplanken, B., & Aarts, H. (1999). Habit, attitude, and planned behaviour: Is habit an empty construct or an interesting case of goal-directed automaticity? European Review of Social Psychology, 10, 101–134. doi:10.1080/14792779943000035 https://doi.org/10.1080/1479277994300003...
; Wood & Neal, 2007Wood, W. & Neal, D. T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface. Psychological Review, 114, 843–863. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4....
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Existing positive intention. |
Dieters change the places they keep snack food in order to prevent taking the snack automatically. |
Example of basic method for change of environmental conditions |
Coercion: Attempting to control others against their will (Freudenberg & Tsui, 2014Freudenberg, N. & Tsui, E. (2014). Evidence, power, and policy change in community-based participatory research. American Journal of Public Health, 104,11–14. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301471 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301471...
; Turner, 2005Turner, J. C. (2005). Explaining the nature of power: A three-process theory. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 1–22. doi:10.1002/ejsp.244 https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.244...
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Requires or creates a power difference. |
Health promotion activists organize a consumer boycott of a company that sells formula in developing countries. |
Example of method to change social support and social networks |
Developing new social network linkages: Linking members to new networks by mentor programs, buddy systems, and self-help groups (Theories of social networks and social support; Holt-Lundstad & Uchino, 2015Holt-Lunstad, J., & Uchino, B. (2015). Social support and health. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior: Theory, research and practice (pp. 183–204). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.; Valente, 2015Valente, T. (2015). Social networks and health behavior. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior: Theory, research and practice (5th ed.a, pp. 204–222). San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.) |
Willingness of networks to reach out; availability of networks that can provide appropriate support and linkage agents. |
Volunteers who are breast cancer survivors are linked to newly diagnosed patients to provide emotional and informational support. |