Psychometric properties of the Brief-COPE for the evaluation of coping strategies in the Chilean population

García, Felipe E.; Barraza-Peña, Carmen Gloria; Wlodarczyk, Anna; Alvear-Carrasco, Marcela; Reyes-Reyes, Alejandro

doi:10.1186/s41155-018-0102-3

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Psychological Assessment, RESEARCH • Psicol. Reflex. Crit. 31 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-018-0102-3 copy

Psychometric properties of the Brief-COPE for the evaluation of coping strategies in the Chilean population

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The Brief-COPE is an abbreviated version of the COPE (Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced) Inventory, a self-report questionnaire developed to assess a broad range of coping responses. Currently, it is one of the best validated and most frequently used measures of coping strategies. The aim of this study was to validate a culturally appropriate Chilean version of the Brief-COPE, assess its psychometric properties and construct and congruent validity. The Spanish version of the Brief-COPE was administrated in a community sample of 1847 Chilean adult (60.4% women) exposed to a variety of stressful experiences. The factorial structure of the inventory was examined by comparing four different models found in previous studies in Latin American population. The results of confirmatory factor analyses revealed, as in the original studies, a 14-factor structure of the Brief-COPE. These dimensions showed adequate internal structure and consistency. The factorial invariance comparing women and men confirmed strict invariance. Additionally, the results showed significant correlation between some Brief-COPE scales, such as denial and substance use, with perceived stress and emotional support and active coping with subjective well-being. Overall, the present work offers a valid and reliable tool for assessing coping strategies in the Chilean population.

Keywords:
Brief-COPE; Coping; Stress; Subjective well-being; CFA

Source	Sample	Analysis	Factors	Observations
Alveal and Barraza (2015)Alveal, M., & Barraza, C. G. (2015). Propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario Brief Cope 28 en población Chilena expuesta a eventos altamente estresantes [Psychometric properties of the Brief Cope in Chilean population exposed to highly stressful events], Thesis of degree (). Concepción: Universidad de las Américas.	333 Chilean adults, all types of events	EFA	8 factors, 24 items	Scales of acceptance and positive reframing are excluded. The following scales converge in one single factor: (a) denial and self-blaming, (b) self-distraction and behavioral disengagement, (c) active coping and planning, (d) instrumental support and emotional support.
Ornelas et al. (2013)Ornelas, R, Anahí, M, Vite, A, Guerrero, O., Rosas, A., & Sánchez, J. (2013). Afrontamiento en pacientes con cáncer de mama en radioterapia: Análisis de la Escala COPE breve, [coping in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotheraphy: The brief COPE scale]. Psicología y Salud, 23(1), 55-62.	203 Mexican women, breast cancer	EFA	7 factors, 17 items	Scales of active coping, positive reframing, denial, behavioral disengagement, acceptance, and one item of emotional support are excluded. The following scales converge on one single factor: (a) instrumental support by venting, (b) religion and an item of emotional support.
Reich et al. (2016)Reich, M., Costa-Ball, C, & Remor, E. (2016). Estudio de las propiedades psicométricas del Brief COPE para una muestra de mujeres uruguayas [Psychometric properties of the Brief COPE in a sample of Uruguayan women]. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 34(3), 615-636. https://doi.org/10.12804/apl34.3.2016.13. https://doi.org/10.12804/apl34.3.2016.13...	203 Uruguayan women, all types of events	EFA	4 factors, 24 items	Scales of self-blaming and instrumental support are excluded. The following scales converge on a single factor: (a) a self-distraction, humor, an item of positive reframing, and an item of venting, (b) denial, behavioral disengagement, acceptance, and an item of venting, (c) substance use and religion, (d) active coping, planning, emotional support, and an item of positive reframing.

	X ²	df	X²/df	CFI	NFI	TLI	PNFI	AIC	RMSEA	CI 90%
Model 1	1079.42^ p < 0.001	259	4.17	0.94	0.92	0.91	0.59	1429.42	0.04	0.04-0.05
Model 2	1836.96^ p < 0.001	224	8.20	0.87	0.51	0.82	0.64	2036.96	0.06	0.06-0.07
Model 3	1689.64^ p < 0.001	98	17.33	0.79	0.78	0.68	0.50	1842.64	0.10	0.09-0.10
Model 4	5399.09^ p < 0.001	246	21.95	0.53	0.52	0.43	0.43	5555.09	0.11	0.11-0.11

Factor/items		Standardized factor loading
Instrumental support
	1. I have been trying to get advice or help from other people about what to do. [Intenté conseguir que alguien me ayudara o aconsejara sobre qué hacer.]	0.69
	28. I have been getting comfort and understanding from someone. [Conseguí que otras personas me ayudaran o aconsejaran.]	0.85
Emotional Support
	9. I have been getting emotional support from others. [Conseguí apoyo emocional de otros.]	0.79
	17. I have been getting comfort and understanding from someone. [Conseguí el consuelo y la comprensión de alguien.]	0.78
Active Coping
	2. I have been concentrating my efforts on doing something about the situation I'm in. [Concentre mis esfuerzos en hacer algo sobre la situación en la que estaba.]	0.60
	10. I have been taking action to try to make the situation better. [Tomé medidas para intentar que la situación mejorara.]	0.80
Planning
	6. I have been trying to come up with a strategy about what to do. [Intenté proponer una estrategia sobre qué hacer.]	0.67
	26. I have been thinking hard about what steps to take. [Pensé detenidamente sobre los pasos a seguir.]	0.65
Acceptance
	3. I have been accepting the reality of the fact that it has happened. [Acepté la realidad de lo que había sucedido.]	0.54
	21. I have been learning to live with it. [Aprendí a vivir con ello.]	0.68
Self-distraction
	4. I have been turning to work or other activities to take my mind off things. [Recurrí al trabajo o a otras actividades para apartar las cosas de mi mente.]	0.62
	22. I have been doing something to think about it less, such as going to movies, watching TV, reading, daydreaming, sleeping, or shopping. [Hice algo para pensar menos en ello, tal como ir al cine o ver la televisión].	0.68
Denial
	5. I have been saying to myself 'this is not real.”. [Me dije a mí mismo 'esto no es real.”]	0.69
	13. I have been refusing to believe that it has happened. [Me negué a creer que había sucedido.]	0.80
Humor
	7. I have been making jokes about it. [Hice bromas sobre ello.]	0.79
	19. I have been making fun of the situation. [Me reí de la situación.]	0.84
Self-blaming
	8. I have been criticizing myself. [Me critiqué a mí mismo.]	0.70
	27. I have been blaming myself for things that happened. [Me eché la culpa de lo que había sucedido.]	0.64
Behavioral disengagement
	11. I have been giving up trying to deal with it. [Renuncié a intentar ocuparme de ello.]	0.61
	25. I have been giving up the attempt to cope. [Renuncié al intento de hacer frente al problema.]	0.60
Venting
	12. I have been saying things to let my unpleasant feelings escape. [Dije cosas para dar rienda suelta a mis sentimientos desagradables.]	0.78
	23. I have been expressing my negative feelings. [Expresé mis sentimientos negativos.]	0.66
Positive reframing
	14. I have been trying to see it in a different light, to make it seem more positive. [Intenté verlo con otros ojos, para hacer que pareciera más positivo.]	0.56
	18. I have been looking for something good in what is happening. [Busqué algo bueno en lo que estaba sucediendo.]	0.76
Substance use
	15. I have been using alcohol or other drugs to make myself feel better. [Utilicé alcohol u otras drogas para hacerme sentir mejor.]	0.85
	24. I have been using alcohol or other drugs to help me get through it. [Utilicé alcohol u otras drogas para ayudarme a superarlo.]	0.82
Religion
	16. I have been trying to find comfort in my religion or spiritual beliefs. [Intenté hallar consuelo en mi religión o creencias espirituales.]	0.81
	20. I have been praying or meditating. [Recé o medité.]	0.82

Models	X ² (df)	Δχ²	CFI	ΔCFI	TLI	RMSEA	AIC
M1: configural	1530.59 (518)	–	0.93	–	0.89	0.03	2230.59
M2: metric	1550.46 (532)	- 19.87	0.93	- 0.01	0.89	0.03	2222.46
M3: strong	1715.15 (560)	- 164.69	0.92	- 0.01	0.89	0.03	2331.15
M4: strict	1755.62 (588)	- 40.47	0.92	- 0.00	0.89	0.03	2315.62

	Total group		Female		Male		t value	α	r
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
Instrumental support	2.44	1.66	2.55	1.66	2.28	1.65	3.350^* ***** p < .001	0.73	0.54^* ***** p < .001
Emotional support	2.84	1.79	3.01	1.78	2.60	1.77	4.901^* ***** p < .001	0.75	0.60^* ***** p < .001
Active coping	3.80	1.55	3.82	1.52	3.76	1.59	0.824	0.65	0.48^* ***** p < .001
Planning	3.43	1.62	3.41	1.58	3.47	1.68	- 0.887	0.62	0.45^* ***** p < .001
Acceptance	3.93	1.44	3.90	1.46	3.96	1.42	- 0.933	0.53	0.37^* ***** p < .001
Self-distraction	2.88	1.69	3.02	1.66	2.66	1.71	4.407^* ***** p < .001	0.58	0.40^* ***** p < .001
Denial	1.33	1.58	1.50	1.64	1.08	1.43	5.777^* ***** p < .001	0.71	0.55^* ***** p < .001
Humor	2.00	1.80	1.95	1.79	2.09	1.81	- 1.662	0.80	0.67^* ***** p < .001
Self-blame	2.07	1.61	2.05	1.65	2.10	1.55	- 0.601	0.61	0.44^* ***** p < .001
Behavioral disengagement	1.09	1.34	1.14	1.37	1.02	1.30	2.021^* * p < .05;	0.54	0.37^* ***** p < .001
Venting	2.04	1.60	2.20	1.60	1.80	1.58	5.275^* ***** p < .001	0.66	0.50^* ***** p < .001
Positive reframing	3.25	1.62	3.27	1.54	3.20	1.72	0.897	0.61	0.44^* ***** p < .001
Substance use	0.64	1.29	0.60	1.24	0.71	1.36	- 1.690	0.82	0.70^* ***** p < .001
Religion	2.83	2.01	3.12	1.97	2.40	1.99	7.611^* ***** p < .001	0.79	0.65^* ***** p < .001

	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
1	0.65^ p < .001	0.40^ p < .001	0.30^ p < .001	0.13^ p < .001	0.36^ p < .001	0.18^ p < .001	0.09^ p < .001	0.13^ p < .001	0.11^ p < .001	0.16^ p < .001	0.27^ p < .001	0.13^ p < .001	0.26^ p < .001
2	–	0.33^ p < .001	0.19^ p < .001	0.20^ p < .001	0.35^ p < .001	0.16^ p < .001	0.09^ p < .001	0.07^* * p < .01;	0.08^ p < .001	0.20^ p < .001	0.24^ p < .001	0.08^ p < .001	0.32^ p < .001
3		–	0.56^ p < .001	0.32^ p < .001	0.21^ p < .001	- 0.04	0.14^ p < .001	0.13^ p < .001	- 0.07^* * p < .01;	0.04	0.37^ p < .001	0.00	0.19^ p < .001
4			–	0.27^ p < .001	0.21^ p < .001	- 0.05	0.16^ p < .001	0.17^ p < .001	- 0.05	0.05	0.44^ p < .001	0.05	0.23^ p < .001
5				–	0.16^ p < .001	- 0.14^ p < .001	0.12^ p < .001	- 0.07^* * p < .01;	- 0.04	0.01	0.31^ p < .001	- 0.02	0.19^ p < .001
6					–	0.15^ p < .001	0.15^ p < .001	0.15^ p < .001	0.25^ p < .001	0.19^ p < .001	0.25^ p < .001	0.14^ p < .001	0.21^ p < .001
7						–	0.01	0.24^ p < .001	0.36^ p < .001	0.26^ p < .001	- 0.02	0.16^ p < .001	0.09^ p < .001
8							–	0.22^ p < .001	0.09^ p < .001	0.18^ p < .001	0.22^ p < .001	0.10^ p < .001	- 0.05
9								–	0.18^ p < .001	0.23^ p < .001	0.11^ p < .001	0.16^ p < .001	0.02
10									–	0.23^ p < .001	0.00	0.16^ p < .001	0.07^* * p < .01;
11										–	0.00	0.13^ p < .001	0.06^* * p < .01;
12											–	0.00	0.26^ p < .001
13												–	0.05
14													–

Coping strategies	Subjective well-being (n = 815)	Perceived stress (n = 589)
Instrumental support	0.14^ p <0.001	0.13^ p <0.001
Emotional support	0.22^ p <0.001	0.02
Active coping	0.23^ p <0.001	- 0.11^* * p <0.01;
Planning	0.14^ p <0.001	- 0.06
Acceptance	0.11^ p <0.001	- 0.23^ p <0.001
Self-distraction	- 0.09	0.14^ p <0.001
Denial	- 0.09	0.28^ p <0.001
Humor	- 0.03	- 0.11^* * p <0.01;
Self-blaming	- 0.15^ p <0.001	0.18^ p <0.001
Behavioral disengagement	- 0.18^ p <0.001	0.20^ p <0.001
Venting	- 0.13^ p <0.001	0.06
Positive reframing	0.12^ p <0.001	- 0.10
Substance use	- 0.10^* * p <0.01;	0.20^ p <0.001
Religion	0.12^ p <0.001	0.17^ p <0.001

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[1] * Correspondence: fgarcia@santotomas.cl; anna.wlodarczyk@ucn.cl; annamarwl@gmail.com

	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
1	0.65^ p < .001	0.40^ p < .001	0.30^ p < .001	0.13^ p < .001	0.36^ p < .001	0.18^ p < .001	0.09^ p < .001	0.13^ p < .001	0.11^ p < .001	0.16^ p < .001	0.27^ p < .001	0.13^ p < .001	0.26^ p < .001
2	–	0.33^ p < .001	0.19^ p < .001	0.20^ p < .001	0.35^ p < .001	0.16^ p < .001	0.09^ p < .001	0.07^* * p < .01;	0.08^ p < .001	0.20^ p < .001	0.24^ p < .001	0.08^ p < .001	0.32^ p < .001
3		–	0.56^ p < .001	0.32^ p < .001	0.21^ p < .001	- 0.04	0.14^ p < .001	0.13^ p < .001	- 0.07^* * p < .01;	0.04	0.37^ p < .001	0.00	0.19^ p < .001
4			–	0.27^ p < .001	0.21^ p < .001	- 0.05	0.16^ p < .001	0.17^ p < .001	- 0.05	0.05	0.44^ p < .001	0.05	0.23^ p < .001
5				–	0.16^ p < .001	- 0.14^ p < .001	0.12^ p < .001	- 0.07^* * p < .01;	- 0.04	0.01	0.31^ p < .001	- 0.02	0.19^ p < .001
6					–	0.15^ p < .001	0.15^ p < .001	0.15^ p < .001	0.25^ p < .001	0.19^ p < .001	0.25^ p < .001	0.14^ p < .001	0.21^ p < .001
7						–	0.01	0.24^ p < .001	0.36^ p < .001	0.26^ p < .001	- 0.02	0.16^ p < .001	0.09^ p < .001
8							–	0.22^ p < .001	0.09^ p < .001	0.18^ p < .001	0.22^ p < .001	0.10^ p < .001	- 0.05
9								–	0.18^ p < .001	0.23^ p < .001	0.11^ p < .001	0.16^ p < .001	0.02
10									–	0.23^ p < .001	0.00	0.16^ p < .001	0.07^* * p < .01;
11										–	0.00	0.13^ p < .001	0.06^* * p < .01;
12											–	0.00	0.26^ p < .001
13												–	0.05
14													–